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Definition
| collection of people who interact with one another and whose common interests or characteristics form the basics for a sense of unity or belonging |
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Definition
-city, town, or neighborhood
-easily mobilized for action |
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| Common interest community |
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Definition
| collection of people, even if widely scattered geographically, can share an interest or goal that brings them together |
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Definition
| group of people who come together to solve a problem that affects all of them |
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-all of the people occupying an area or all of those who share one or more characteristics
-do not need to necessarily interact with one another |
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| mass or grouping of distinct individuals who are considered as a whole and who are loosely associated with one another |
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Definition
| holistic state of wellbeing, which includes soundness of mind, body, and spirit |
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Definition
| includes health but also incorporates the capacity to develop a person's potential to lead a fulfilling and productive life |
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Definition
| state of being relatively unhealthy |
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| Leading Health Indicators (12) |
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Definition
access to health care
clinical preventive services
environmental quality
injury and violence
maternal, infant, and child health
mental health
nutrition, physical activity, and obesity
oral health
reproductive and sexual health
social determinants
substance abuse
tobacco |
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Term
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Definition
| all efforts that seek to move people closer to optimal well-being or higher levels of wellness |
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Term
| Goals of health promotion (3) |
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Definition
1) Increase the span of healthy life for all citizens
2)Reduce health disparities among population groups
3)Achieve access to preventive services for everyone |
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Definition
| obviates the occurrence of health problem including measures taken to keep illness or injuries from occurring |
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| efforts to detect and treat existing health problems at the earliest possible stage, when disease or impairment is already present |
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Definition
| attempts to reduce the extent and severity of a health problem to its lowest possible level so as to minimize disability and restore or preserve function |
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Definition
| combines nursing science with public health science to formulate a community-based and population-focused practice |
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Term
| Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601 |
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Definition
| England; provided medical and nursing care to the poor and disabled |
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Term
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Definition
1617 by St. Vincent de Paul
-composed of nuns and lay women dedicated to serving the poor and needy |
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| Industrial Revolution caused... |
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Definition
| epeidemics, high infant mortality, occupational diseases and injuries, and increasing mental illness in both Europe and America |
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Term
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Definition
-Crimean War
-organized competent nursing care and established kitchens and laundries that resulted in hundreds of lives being saved
-clarified nursing as a woman's occupation
-Nightingale Model |
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Term
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Definition
"Black Nightingale"
-went to Crimea and opened hotel for sick soldiers where she met Florence |
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Definition
"visiting nursing"
-taught cleanliness and wholesome living patients
-focused mostly on the care of individuals |
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Definition
New York Training Hospital
Henry Street Settlement House |
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| National League for Nursing |
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Definition
-started by Isabel Hampton Robb in 1893
-first was National League of Nursing Education (1912) |
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Term
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Definition
-label that encompasses all nurses in the community
-collaboration and interdiscinplinary teamwork are crucial |
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Term
| Societal Influences on the Development of CHN |
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Definition
1)advanced technology
2)causal thinking
3)changes in education
4)demographic changes and the role of women
5)consumer movement
6)economic factors |
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Term
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Definition
| relating disease of illness to its cause |
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Term
| Demographic Changes and the Role of Women |
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Definition
-after the Women's Rights Movement, women gained greater independence and moved into the labor force
-nursing's contributions have improved, but it's ability to compete with careers offering higher pay and status remains problematic |
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Term
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Definition
-health care consumers are viewed as active members of the health team rather than as passive recipients
-CHN often supplements client's services rather than primarily supervising them
-lead to increased concern for the quality of health services |
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Term
| Core Public Health Functions (4) |
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Definition
1)assessment
2)policy development
3)assurance
4)essential services |
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Term
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Definition
-systemic collection, assembly, analysis, and dissemination of information about the health of a community
-at community level, done both formally and informally |
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Term
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Definition
| enhanced by the synthesis and analysis of information obtained during assessment |
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Term
| Roles of Community Health Nurses (7) |
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Definition
1)Clinician
2)Educator
3)Advocate
4)Manager
5)Collaborator
6)Leadership
7)Researcher |
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Term
| Settings for Community Health Nursing Practice |
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Definition
1)Ambulatory (clients come for days or evening services that do not include overnight stays)
2)Schools
3)Homes
4)Occupational Health (employee health)
5)Residential Institutions (half-way houses and inpatient hospice)
6)Faith Communities (parish or church-based)
7)Community at Large (not confined to location or specific philosophy) |
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Term
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Definition
| systematic collection and analysis of data related to a particular problem or phenomenon |
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Term
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Definition
| systematically searching for and critically appraising and synthesizing evidence along with consideration of expert clinical nursing judgment and patient's wishes in making decisions about care |
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Term
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Definition
| respect, autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, veracity, fidelity |
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Term
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Definition
| freedom of choice and the exercise of people's rights |
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Term
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Definition
| doing good or benefitting others |
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Definition
| avoiding or preventing harm to others as a consequence of a person's own choices and actions |
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Definition
-beliefs, values, and behavior that are shared by members of a society and provide a design or "roadmap" for living
-tells people what is acceptable or unacceptable in a given situation |
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Term
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Definition
| biologically designated groups of people whose distinguishing features are inherited |
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Term
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Definition
| group of qualities that mark one's association with a particular ethnic group |
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Term
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Definition
relatively large aggregates of people within a society who share separate distinguishing characteristics
(Hispanic, African Americans) |
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Definition
| belief and feeling that one's culture is best |
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Term
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Definition
| seeing all behavior in a cultural context |
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Term
| Characteristics of Culture (5) |
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Definition
1)learned
2)integrated
3)shared
4)mostly tacit (mostly expressed subconsciously)
5)dynamic (goes through change) |
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Term
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Definition
*western culture*
relies on scientific principles and sees diseases and injuries as life events controlled by physical and biochemical processes that can be manipulated through medications, surgery, and other treatments |
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Definition
| folk beliefs, magic, or voodoo |
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Term
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Definition
| for an individual to be health, all facets of their nature--physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual--must be balance |
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Term
| Local Public Health Agencies |
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Definition
| assess populations health status and needs, determine how well those needs are being met, and take action toward satisfying unmet needs |
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Term
| State Public Health Agencies |
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Definition
| responsible for providing leadership in and monitoring of comprehensive public health needs and services in the state |
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Term
| National Public Health Agencies |
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Definition
-Public Health Services (PHS) is concerned with interests of the country and its a functional unit of the Department of Human Health Services
-includes CDC, FDA, NIH, SAMHSA, HRSA, etc. |
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Term
| Private Sector Health Services |
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Definition
| nongovernmental and voluntary arm of the health care delivery system |
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Term
| Functions of Private Health Sector Agencies (8) |
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Definition
1)detect unmet needs and explore better methods to meet those needs
2)pilotine or subsidize projects
3)promote public knowledge
4)assist official agencies
5)evaluate programs and advocate
6)promote health legislation
7)plan and coordinate to promote collaboration
8)developing well-balanced community health programs |
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Term
| World Health Organization (WHO) |
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Definition
-agency of the United Nation formed after WWII in 1948
-developed to direct and coordinate the promotion of health worldwide |
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Term
| United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) |
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Definition
-organized in 1946
-agency for promoting child and maternal health and welfare globally |
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Term
| United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) |
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Definition
| promotes quality education for all, scientific knowledge for sustainable development, cultural diversity and dialogue, information and communication and addressing emerging ethical challenges |
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Term
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Definition
-monetary reimbursements made to providers of health care by someone other than the consumer who received the care
-the third-party to the consumer-provider relationship |
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Term
| Private Insurance Companies |
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Definition
| market and underwrite policies aimed at decreasing risk of economic loss because of a need to use health services |
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Term
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Definition
-over age 65
-Part A: hospital insurance program, covers inpatient hospitals, limited-skilled nursing facilities, home health, and hospice services to participants eligible for Social Security
-Part B: physician services and home health care
-Part C: private plans
-Part D:prescription benefit plan added through the Medicare Prescription Drug |
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Term
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Definition
-provides assistance for children, pregnant women, or parents with dependent children, seniors, and severely disabled
-jointly funded between federal and state |
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Term
| State Children's Health Insurance Plan (SCHIP) |
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Definition
| provided health coverage to uninsured children under age 19 for families caught in the gap between Medicaid and affordable health insurance |
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Term
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Definition
| reimbursement of service after it has been rendered |
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Term
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Definition
payment method based on rates derived from predictions of annual service costs that are set in advance of service delivery
(Medicare) |
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Term
| Diagnosis-related Groups (DRGs) |
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Definition
| billing classification system based on about 500 diagnosis and procedure groups |
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Term
| Trends and Issues Influencing Health Care Economics |
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Definition
1)High cost of health in America
2)Controlling costs
3)Access to health services
4)Medical bankruptcies
5)Managed care (systems that contract to coordinate medical care for specific groups in order to promote provider efficiency and control costs; HMOs and PPOs) |
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Term
| Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) |
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Definition
| system in which participants prepay a fixed monthly premium to receive comprehensive health services delivered by a defined network of providers |
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Term
| Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) |
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Definition
| network of physicians, hospitals, and othe health-related services that contract with a third-party payer organization to provide comprehensive health services to subscribers on a fixed FFS basis |
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Term
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Definition
| -sought to address the two fundamental issues driving reform which include cost containment and universal access to health |
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Term
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Definition
| replace the health insurance companies in the U.S with a single, public sector insurer that would entitle all citizens to universal coverage |
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Term
| Advantages of managed competition |
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Definition
| acceptance of all, competition on price, tax incentives, minimum benefits package, outcome management standards, improved access, and expenditure reduction |
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Term
| Disadvantages of managed competition |
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Definition
| untested, limits consume choices, increased out of network cost, failure to provide equitable and universal coverage, and applied by many professinal groups |
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Term
| Advantages of single-payer system |
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Definition
| emphasis on prevention, control of cost, increased access, universal coverage for all, incentives for efficiency, and administrative simplicity |
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Term
| Disadvantages of single-payer system |
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Definition
| removal of competition model, individualism, and right to choose |
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