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Comm475
test 2
30
Communication
Undergraduate 4
04/08/2013

Additional Communication Flashcards

 


 

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Term
conformity and social proof
Definition
tendency of individs to change expressed views and attitudes to those of others
Term
norms
Definition
expectations for behavior about good, bad, appropriate, right, wrong, etc.
explicit-agreed upon, stated
implicit-implied
Term
flloyd allport (1924) landmark study
Definition
had participants rank odors, alone and in groups
-found people avoid making extreme judgments in groups
Term
Sherif (1935) landmark study
Definition
1. brought people into dark room and asked about autokinetic effect.
individs-formed personal standards of movement
group-first speaker dictated standard

2. tested alone and in group + reverse
individ first-initial diversity, then convergence in group
group first-stuck to group norm when tested alone.

when task uncertain, more likely to be influenced by group
Term
Solomon Ash (1956) landmark study
Definition
-ppl conformed to group's opinion in measuring lines even when contrary to fact
Term
informational conformity
Definition
-distortion of judgment if e/o else has same opinion
-"they must be right"
Term
normative conformity
Definition
-distortion of response
-social pressure
Term
staring at sky in NYC study (1969)
Definition
milgram, bickman and berkowitz
when one person stared, 45% did
when 15 stared, 85% did
Term
festinger, riecken and schachter
Definition
after their beliefs were disconfirmed, chicago cult became stronger in beliefs
Term
examples social proof
Definition
advertising (best-selling, flying off shelves)
tip jars
canned laughter
lines at bars and restaurants
Term
uncertainty (social proof)
Definition
bystander effect: more ppl present, less likely people will help
(kitty genovese)
-diffusion responsibility
-pluralistic ignorance: if uncertain, look to others to determine behavior. if they don't do anything, neither wil we
Term
similarity (social proof)
Definition
more likely to follow similar than dissimilar people
-peer pressure
-sales tactics
-copycat crimes

werther effect: demographic similarity with deadly car and plane crashes after highly publicized suicides.
rev. jim jones and jonestown massacre
Term
Language
Definition
system commonly understood symbols shared by group to communicate.
-abstract: represents reality, but not
-arbitrary: symbols arbitrarily assigned. could have called a table a TV. can change if e.o agrees on meaning
Term
doublespeak
Definition
-used by politicians, govt
-denotative, connotative lang.
Term
emotively neutral lang.
emotively significant lang.
Definition
neutral lang.
lang. that slants or uses euphemisms
Term
sapir-whorf hypothesis
Definition
lang. shapes how we perceive world. good msgs use common lang. to shape/change perspectives of audience
Term
mcguire, 1968
Definition
for msg. to be persuasive, must:
-pay atten
-comprehend
-yield
-retain

vividness: may help gain attn and msg processing
intensity: degree to which lang. deviates from neutrality
more pers. if receiver agrees, violates expectations in + way, receiver prefers intense lang.
profanity: gain attn but undermine cred.
powerless lang: not pers., undermine cred. inarticulates, tag Qs, very polite, disclaimers
Term
direct effects model immediacy
Definition
actions that communicate warmth, involvement and closeness most pers.
Term
kinesics
Definition
-kinesics:
eye contact, facial expressions (mirroring), body movements (emblems, illustrators, adaptors), haptics (midas touch research)
-proxemics: expectations-violations
-chronemics-time. scarcity, non-urgency tactics
-artifacts
-physical appearance (halo effect)
-paralinguistics (pitch, rate, pauses, volume)
Term
arguments
Definition
series of statements designed to change attitudes or behaviors of others
-premise
-logical reasoning
-conclusion
Term
explicit, implicit conclusions
Definition
explicit:
pro: spells out
con: may lead to resentment, distrust

implicit:
pro: allows audience to reach own conclusions
con: conclusion may be incorrect
-most effective when audience personally involved and knowledge high. KNOW AUDIENCE
Term
messages
Definition
gain framed: doing something will have + effect. effective w/ preventive behaviors)
loss-framed: not doing something will be damaging. more effective when risks involved
Term
petty and cacioppo (1984)
quality vs. quantity
Definition
when audience not involved, quantity matters.
when ' is ' , quality matters
Term
evidence
Definition
everything used to determine of demonstrate truth of claim
narratives, anecdotes, stats, quotes, testimony, graphs, charts
-sometimes functions as peripheral cue; increase source credibility
Term
mere exposure effect: zajonc, 1968
Definition
repetition may increase liking, but not necessarily persuasion
strong arguments more persuasive when repeated if high audience involvement

visuals: order doesnt matter
auditory: put strong args first
Term
primacy, recency effect
Definition
chart
Term
forewarning
Definition
-leads to resistance of persuasion by others. (intent, topic or position)
ELM explanation:
leads to counter-arguing; those motivated and able are more resistant
Term
sidedness
Definition
-1 sided favorable when audience low education and positive initial attitude
-2 sided favorable when audience motivated and able to process msg

2 sided refutational > 1 sided > 2 sided non refutational
Term
inoculation theory (mcguire, 1961)
Definition
threat
refutational preemption

treatment:
-warning
-weak attack
-active defending
Term
inoculation theory applied
Definition
advertising: using with competitor
political campaigns: negative ads
smoking: prevent high-risk youth from joining gangs
drinking prevention
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