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| 5 Steps of the Research Process |
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1. Ask a question or state a problem
2. Formulate a hypothesis or research question
3. Think through the hypothesis or research question
4. Design and conduct the observation, measurement, or experiment
5. Analyze and interpret the Data |
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| Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle |
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All measurement contains error
Monkey and typewriter example |
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| Identify the research problem, then develop theory |
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| Start with previous research and develop a theory from that |
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| How well something measures what it is supposed to |
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Giving us the same responses over and over again
Hitting a bulls eye every time |
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abstract idea or way of thinking about something that distinguishes it from other things
• Example: a) relationship satisfactions b) extroversion
Attach numbers to it to make it concrete |
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| theoretical definition of a construct |
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| How we will observe and measure the variable |
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| The variable that is manipulated or varied to see the effect on other variables (INtroduced into the study) |
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| Some ethnicities are more prone to diabetes |
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| Variable influence or changed by the IV |
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| whether or not a person of a certain race has diabetes |
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| two things are changing simultaneously (+,-, curvilinear) |
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| Change in one variable (independent/antecedent) results in change in other variable (dependent/consequent.) |
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| An element presumed to explain or link two other variables |
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| Variable that confuses, or obscures the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable |
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| When presence of a third variable obscures the nature of the relationship between two variables. |
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| how sure we are with our design |
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| the ability to generalize the results of a specific study to the “real world” |
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'Type’ or ‘Category’ based; the categories have no logical rank or level.
• Ex: Sex- Male (1) Female (2). Ex: Northeast State: CT (1) RI (2) MA (3) NH (4) |
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• Measured by ranking elements in logical order from lowest to highest
• Rankings are relative (there can be no zero)
• Logical rank order, but no logical distance between elements. |
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| Equal distance between all of the points- likert or semantic scales |
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Absolute Zero Point- most variables that meet reqirements for interval can meet them for ratio as well
- ex. how many kids 0-1-2-3-4-5-6-7
Can compare two peoples results- can be measured in real numbers |
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| Administering the same measure multiple times, and assess how consistent the responses are. |
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| Alternate form (Parallel Form) Reliability: |
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| Two versions given to 1 group of people |
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| Version A is given to group 1, Version B is given to group 2- if both get similar scores, it is reliable |
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| Compares responses to individual items to responses to all items. |
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| coding system- Chronbach's Alpha |
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| How well a measure covers range/dimensions of meaning on a subject. |
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| less qualifies people should be able to understand |
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| Same as face validity, but using experts as judges. |
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| group of people you might be able to get |
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| Goal of sampling is to have a representative sample that is highly generalizable |
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| When potential observations from population are excluded from the sample by systematic means. |
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| Showing a movie in which the audience gets up and leaves |
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| Randomly choose sample elements from sampling frame |
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| Systematic Random Sampling |
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| Stratified (known quota) Sampling |
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| Population divided based on subgroup of interest |
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| Try to find bees near a nest rather than just going anywhere outside to try to find them |
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| Selecting people who are convenient to the researcher (i.e. college students). |
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| Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria |
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| Are you pregnant? Do you smoke?- |
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| When participants help by identifying other similar participants |
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| Researcher does the recruitment – not the participants |
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| Researchers manipulate variables |
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| Variation in IV occurs naturally |
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| no control over anything, just sit back and watch |
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| Observation Point (O for pretest O2 for posttest) |
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| Treatment (Sub letters m:manipulation or c:control) |
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Comparison of two groups
R Xm O
R Xc O |
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One group takes survey 2 times, one takes it only once
Have to run 2x the amount of tests |
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| Does Each Variable have an effect |
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| Does the combination of variables have an effect |
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