Instrumental

(the most basic function of language) can use it to obtain what we need or desire. 

(EX: invite friends to dinner, the invitation is instrumentalin that you want your friends to come to dinner)

Regulatory

(2nd language function)

we can use it to ocntrol of regulate behaviors of others. 

(EX:ask your guests to bring a bottle of wine)

Inform

(function of language)

to communicate information or report facts.

(EX: include date and time to inform your guests in invitation)

Heuristic

(function of language)

use language to acquire knowledge and understanding. 

(EX: ask if your guests are available or if you need to change the date for them)

Interactional

(function of language)

establishes and defines social relationshops in both interpesonal and group settings. 

(EX: when friends come to dinner you engage in behavior that maintains friendship relationship)

Personal Language

(function of language)

expresses individuality and personality and is more common in private than public settings. 

(EX: use language to express sensen of humor-- cheap wine)

imaginatively

(function of language)

used to express oneself artistically or creatively, as in drama, poetry, or stories. 

(EX: wine on the front of dinner invitation)

1. instrumental
2. regulatory
3. inform
4. heuristic
5. interactional
6. personal language
7. imaginitively

** helps you communicate more effectively

4 components of language

1. phonology (sounds)
2. syntax (structure or rules)
3. semantics (meaning)
4. pragmatics (use)

the study of the sounds that compose individual languages and how those sounds communicate meaning. 

(EX: french doesn't have "th" sound)

is the study of meaning. 

(EX: "colorless green ideas sleep furiously." -- technically on the semantics level it is nonsensical)

Denotative

(semantics)

refers to the dictionary, or literal, meaning of word and is usually the agreed-upon meaning for most speakers of the language.  

(EX: dictionary def of wise = having the ability to discern or judge what is true, right or lasting and intelligent." but this may not be the word you meant to describe your friend as. 

Connotative meanings

(semantics)

which are the affective or interpretive means attached to them. 

(EX: wise implies an older person with long experience so this is not how you meant to desribe your friend)

Pragmatics

 (& three units of stufy for scholars of pragmatics)

seeks to identify patterns or rules people follow when they use language appropiately. 

(EX: might seek to understand the rules for communicating appropiately in a sorority, a faculty meeting, or church)

1. speeach acts
   
2. conversational rules
3. contextual rules
   

speech acts

(pragmatics)

looks closely at the seven language functions and suggests that when people communicate they do not just say things, they also do things with their words. 

(EX1: I bet you ten dollars the Yankees win the World Series.")

(EX2: the request and the different types of nagging)

Conversational rules

(pragmatics)

govern the ways in which communicators organize conversation. 

(EX: one rules of conversation in the U.S English is that if someone asks you a question, you should provide an answer-- turn taking)

contextual rules

(pragmatics)

discussing topics in relation to where they are relevant.

(EX: topics at funeral vs. at the workplace)

Also includes the sounds and meanings of those words, and the rules individuals use for arranging words and for communicating in particular settings. 

(EX: southerners "drawl" their vowels while New Englanders drop the r after theirs)

• men and women are socialized to communicate in specific ways. 
• Men tend to be more talkative than women even though they are stereotyped to be less. 
• Women use language that is more tentative overall because generally they have lower status

How age influences verbal communication?

(the cohort effect)

• language choice (EX: cooties, naughty topic vocabulary)
• the cohort effect: refers to common denominators of a group that was born and reared in the same general period. 

• pronunciation
• people tend to speak similarly to who they're around.
• due to immigrants -- dialect diversity

How ethnicity and race effects verbal communication?

(ebonics)

• influences syntax, accent and word choice
• influence the general verbal style (talking vs. complaining) 
• ebonics: a version of english that has its roots in West African slave languages. 

How education and occupation effects verbal communication?

(jargon)

• EX: medical doctors speak the same language b/c they share a profession and educated similarly
• jargon: specialized terms that develop in many professions. 
• can influence your overall communication style (tone of voice and some nonverbal behaviors)

aruge that language serves not only as a way for us to voice our ideas but that, in addition, it "is itself the shaper of ideas, the duide for the individuals mental activity."

basis for the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

the explaination for the view of relationships between language and power.

(there are a lot of cultures that play at the same time) 

androcentrism

(power and words)

occurs when people make comments that reject or invalidate a self-image, positive or negative, of their conversational partners. 

 (EX: tracey: "got an A on midterm

Lou: must have been an easy test)

4 influences on nonverbal communication

1. culture
2. relationship b/w the people interacting
3. based on how well we know the communicator
4. based on sex (women tossing her hair = flirtatious)

nonverbal codes

(5 types) 

signals are distinct, organized means of expression that consist of both symbols and rules for their use. 

1. kinestics
2. paralinguistics 
3. time and space 
4. haptics 
5. appearance and artifacts

kinesics

& two categories

describes a system of studying nonverbal communication sent by the body including gestures, posture, movement, facial expressions and eye behavior. 

1. body
2. face

1. illustrators
2. emblems
3. adaptors
4. regulators

signals that accompany speech to clarify or emphasize the verbal messages.

(hands far apart to show size)

gestures that stand for a specific verbal meaning

(EX: raising one's hand in class to speak or a thumbs up)

gestures we use to manage our emotions

(EX: tapping pencil for nerves, jiggling a leg, twirling hair)

control conversation

(EX: want to prevent someone from interrupting you you might hold up your hand to indicate they should wait)

paralinguistics

& 2 types of behavior

the vocal aspects of nonverbal communication that include rater, volume, pitch, and stress.  Are oral but not verbal.

1. voice qualities
2. vocalizations

include speed, pitch, rhythm, vocal range and articulation. 

(the music of the voice)

the sounds we utter that do not have the structure of language. Reveal mood and emotion. 

(EX: tarzan's yell)

the study of the way people use time as a message.  Includes issues of punctuality and the amount of time people spend with each other. 

(EX: if your friend constantly arrives half hour late how do you interpret it?)

(0-18 inches)

tends to be reserved for displaying physical and psychological intimacy.

personal distance

(18 inches to 4 feet)

describes the space we use when interacting with friends and acquaintances. 

(4 to 12 feet)

americans use when they interact with unfamiliar others. 

(12 to 25 feet)

is most appropiate for pulic ceremonies such as lectures and performances. 

haptics

& 5 types

touch

1. professional & functional-- least intimate (dental)
2. social-polite touch -- daily interaction (shake hands)
3. Friendship touch -- warmth and closeness (hugs)
4. Love intimate -- romantic partner (long kiss) 
5. demand touch -- establish dominance and power (supervisor leans over worker and placing hand on shoulder)

1. repeating a message (winking while saying just kidding)
2. highlighting or emphasizing a message (point at door while saying get out)
3. complemeneting or reinforcing a message (whispering while telling secret)
4. contradicting a message (I love your haircut - rolls eyes)
5. substituting for a message (shaking one's head to indicate disagreement)

exercise influence over other people. 

(EX:smile at someone if you want them to do a favor) 

Behaviors of this kind typically signal close involvement between people in impersonal relationships and contexts.

(EX: golf pros often stand with their arms around a novice golfer to help her with her swing and massage therapists engage in intimate touch as profession.)

how similar two sets of messages are. 

(EX: "i like you" followed by smile, forward body lean, relaxed posture usually conveys a convincing message.)

the stage most people refer to as "hearing"; it occurs when listeners pick up the sound waves directed toward them. 

(Michelle is calling)

1. sensing
2. understanding
3. evaluating
4. responding

understand

"shes asking me out"

you assess your reactin to it. 

"I think I like that idea"

action-oriented listening

(use what type of listening) 

reflects a preference for error-free and well-organized speaking, with an emphasis on active responding.  (focus on content of the message rather than person delivering it)

(EX: pointing in a direction as an answer) 

(GOAL: is to make stuff happen) 

(DAY-to-DAY basis) 

• use informational listening 

informational listening

style required by action- oriented -- useful in situations requiring attention to content. 

(listen attentively for content at work to make sure you understand instructions from your boss.) 

1. attend to what the speaker is saying: maintain eye contact 
2. don't judge the speaker prematurely 
3. paraphrase: reflect the speaker's words back to make sure you understand and let the speaker know you are listening 
4. clarify: ask questions 
5. Review and summarize: make sure you understand the information

content oriented listening

(use what type of listening) 

content-oriented style -- reflects an interest in detailed and complex information, simply for the content

(truely concerned with the content) 

**(use criticial listening) 

1. consider speaker's credibility 
2. listen between the lines 
3. evaluate the messages being sent and their implications 
4. weigh the evidence 
5. periodically review and summarize 

style is often associated with friendly, open communication and an interest in establishing ties with others rather than in controling them

(EX: "how'd your meeting go?) 

(talking about what is unimportant) 

** use supportive listening ** 

1. put the other person at ease 
2. remove distractions 
3. empathize with the other person 
4. be patient 
5. be aware of your own emotions 

• women are often betting listeners than men.  
• men stereotype: impatient, self-centered, interrupting, focus on facts
• women stereotype: emotional, noninterrupting, attentive, focus on speaker

• listen differently depending how old you are. 
• increases as you get older.

• fatigue
• noisy environment
• physiological

• bordeom and preoccupation
• defensive listening

1. become aware
2. identify poor habits
3. strive for mindful listening

states that wen people violate our expectations, we tend to notice, come aroused and attribute meaning to the violation, resulting in increased scrutiny and appraisal of the violator's behavior. 

(EX: if you expect a stranger to shake your hand upon being introduced, you likely will search for an explanation if she hugs you instead.) 

is an idicator of relationships. 

and is the absence of a tie sign that indicates people aren't together.  

respond with complementary responses 

-- one becomes more assertive and the other becomes less assertive. 

• use "they" as singular
• use "he or she"

• (always used masculine pronouns) 

  (now use they) 

• use pluralizing (EX: instead of "as he advances in his program, the medical student has increasing opportunites for clinical work" -- versus "As they advance in their programs, medical students have increading opportunities for clinical work.") 
• Eliminate pronouns
• further alternatives (EX: using one instead of he) 

• use "sexual orientation" rather than "sexual preference" because there was no choice. 

gender biased : 

always used masculine pronouns or you