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Definition
| a system of human communication based on speech sounds used as arbitrary symbols |
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| Selecting symbols... how? |
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| 3 Theories of Language Acuisition |
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Definition
Language Explosion Theory
Significant-Other THeory
Language Instinct Theory |
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| Language Explosion Theory |
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Definition
| According to this theory, we develop our language skills very early in our lifetime. |
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- Significant other theory states that those around you (significant others) affect how you use your language.
- How you communicate is based on those around us, their reactions, and their feedback |
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Definition
| We are innately drawn to language |
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| Social Construction of Reality |
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Definition
- Reality is socially constructed
- Our communication affects our perception of reality
- The use of language affects how we see/interpret reality |
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Definition
A conscious or unconscious, intentional or unintentional process in which feelings and ideas are expressed as verbal and/or nonverbal messages that are sent, received, and comprehended
- process can be accidental (no intent), expressive (resulting from emotional state of the person), or rhetorical (resulting from specific goals of the communicator) |
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| Components of Human Communication |
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Definition
Source
Receiver
Messages
Feedback
Frame of Reference
Noise |
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| the way you view the world |
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| the originator of the message |
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| take ideas and put them into message form |
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composed of our primary signal system:
- The senses
Or we may chose an electronic channel, such as email
-physical contact: tapping a person's shoulder
- seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, touching |
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Response to a message
- happens once the receiver assigns meaning to the received message
- his nonverbal/verbal response |
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the potential for communication disruption
- internal or external interference with the communication process |
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Where the communication is taking place, and the general attitude of those assembled
(factors: size of the room, type and placement of the furniture, etc... eg. putting a large # of people in a small room) |
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- Linear Model of Communication
- Interactional Model of Communication
- Transactional Model of Communication |
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- Language is not inherently meaningful
- The symbols we use are innately arbitrary |
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| like the meaning out of the dictionary |
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| subjective, personal meaning |
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Emotive Language
Phatic "
Cognitive "
Rhetorical "
Identifying " |
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Definition
Ambiguity
Vagueness (e.g. Double Speak)
Inferences |
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| Jumping to conclusions without enough information necessary |
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| Slang... if you dont know what this is you are an idiot and deserved to be hit on the head with a tack hammer |
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Definition
"um" and "like"
- dont add any meaningful thoughts to the conversation |
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Term
| Nonverbal Communication-- CH3 |
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Definition
Touch, gestures, body language
- no "word sounds"
3 characteristics:
1) Very sensitive to relationships between the sender and receiver
2) Have meaning based on context
3) Part of, not separate from, verbal communication |
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Term
| Verbal and nonverbal relationships |
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Definition
Substituting
o Ask a yes or no question… in response the person nods…the non substitutes for the verbal answer of yes
Complementing
o Nodding and saying yes
Conflicting
o Nodding but saying no
Accenting
o Putting more focus on a certain word, emphasizing “look at me” by touching, pointing |
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| Categories of nonverbal communication |
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Definition
Kinesics
Paracovalics
Chronemics
Olfactics
Aesthetics
Gustorics |
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Definition
Study of communication through the body and its movements
- gestures we use, the way we walk and stand, the expressions on our faces and in our eyes, what we look like, etc. |
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Vocal Communication
- The vocal effects that accompany words, such as tone of voice
- Rate, volume, pitch, pause, etc.
- "Vocal Cues" |
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Time Communication
- They way people handle and structure their time |
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| The study of communication of a message or mood through color or music |
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| the study of how Taste communicates |
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| speaker > message > listener > 1) Reception > 2) Attention > 3) Assignment of meaning > 4) Listener's response > response to listener |
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Definition
- Hearing is the simple, biological act of hearing
Vs.
- Listening, which has 4 steps:
- Reception, Attention, Assignment of meaning, listener's response |
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1st step in listening process
- involves receiving both auditory and visual message |
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Definition
Attention represents the focus on a specific stimulus selected from all the stimuli received at any given moment
- focus on specifics... attention span matters
- factors in concentration:
---Level of motivation
---Difficulty
---Processing speed |
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Definition
| Making a summary of the ideas you have just received |
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Definition
- An active process
- A person takes the material received and attempts to analyze what has been input.
- A screening process
- the perceptual filter strains the stimuli
- Analysis of input
- Each person's perceptual filter
-Selective Perception |
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Term
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Definition
the process of putting the stimulus into some predetermined category... develops as we acquire our language system
-perception is the sifting process
The role of meaning
Brain dominance (right brain vs. left brain)
Culture
Evaluation |
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Term
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Definition
Internal vs External (Intellectual vs. Emotional)
Function: offer feedback, help store info in long term memory
memory techniques: visual vs auditory
Questions: provide clarification
Feedback |
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Term
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Definition
- ROle of the speaker
- Role of the message (well organized? difficult? is it appealing to listener's emotions?)
- Role of the channel (visual or audio cues?)
- Role of external and internal variables (attitudes/emotional state getting in the way)
- Role of time (moving between short and long term memory) |
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Term
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Definition
Discriminative Listening
- we attempt to distinguish auditory and visual stimuli
Comprehension Listening
- the object is to recognize and retain the information
Therapeutic Listening
- think counsellor listening to people
Critical Listening
- listening to something which you then try and evaluate
Appreciative Listening
- listening to stand up comedy, or music you like |
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| Intrapersonal communucation |
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Definition
| Communication with yourself |
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Definition
| Internally communicating with yourself |
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Definition
idea or perception of yourself
- who you will talk to and about what you will talk
- self estem
- cognitive processing
--do something which you know you arent supposed to
--Cognitive imbalance: the difference between one's beliefs and one's actions |
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| Accepting yourself as a worthy person because you choose to do so. |
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| the comprehending, organizing, and storing of ideas |
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Definition
Real: what you think of yourself
Ideal: who you would like to be or think you should be
Public:The self you let others know |
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Definition
| amt of info you are willing to give to others, and the amt of info you are willing to receive |
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Term
| Need drives affecting communication |
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Definition
Drives which are natural to our being → where there is a push to communicate, with others and with ourself
- Survival
- Pleasure-seeking
- Security
- Territoriality |
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Term
| Communication apprehension |
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Definition
you are bad at communicating...
- Anxiety
- Communication Apprehension:
The Problem
Effects
• Choosing a career with little public speaking
Causes
• Why does it happen? In our genes or:
• Socially acquired
Help
• Skill training (e.g. this course)
• Meditation
• Drug therapy |
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| Interpersonal Communication --CH 6 |
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Definition
Between people... meaning is in people, not words
We communicate what and who we are |
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| Self-Perceived I / Other-Perceived ME |
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Definition
- Who you think you are
- Another person’s image of you
Reacting to imbalances (in I vs. Me → reacting to other people’s view of you):
- Change based on evaluation
- Accept evaluation but don’t change
- Resist evaluation
- Ignore evaluation |
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WE as people:
- 90% based on emotion (our actions)
- 10% based on logic |
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Definition
- The Ability to control reality
- Kinds of Power:
o Expert Power
• People that have power because they have expertise in the field
o Referent Power
• Based on friendship, admiration
o Reward Power
o Coercive Power
• If something doesn’t happen, you can force someone to choose out of two negative situations. Control of outcomes.
o Legitimate Power
• Based on the relationship of the person or the nature of the relationship |
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| Interpersonal Relationships |
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Definition
| - Anything happening between two or more people, friendly, romantic, familial, etc |
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Definition
Initiation
Experimenting
Intensifying
Integrating
Bonding |
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| Economic Model of Relationships |
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Definition
As long as rewards are equal to or exceed costs, the relationship will usually become more intimate
Once costs exceed rewards, the relationship will begin to stagnate or dissolve |
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| Stages of terminating relationships |
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Definition
Differentiating
Circumscribing
Stagnating
Avoiding
Terminating |
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Definition
- Small Talk
- Listening
- Giving Directions |
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Definition
| Causes, Levels, and Anger |
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Definition
o Different goals to be pursued
o Allocation of resources
o Decisions to be made
o Behaviors considered inappropriate |
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Definition
| o Range from no conflict at all to the point you cannot go back to normal |
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Definition
o A normal emotional state during conflicts
o Depends on what and how you deal with it |
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Definition
- Get information and adjust
- Keep present tense as the focus
- Realize that there are some things which you cannot change by fighting
-------Don’t ask to change the unchangeable
- Don’t start where you can’t finish
- The setting matters
- Both parties have to participate
- Listen to your body
- Identify what you need to get |
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Term
| Individual approaches of dealing with conflict |
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Definition
Competition/Aggression
Integration
Compromise
Avoidance
Accommodation/Smoothing Over
- DESC Model
o Describe (what is bothering you)
o Express (your concerns and feelings)
o Specify (what you think should be done)
o Consequences (think about the consequences of not changing) |
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Term
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Definition
| approaches of dealing with conflict |
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Term
| Accommodation/smoothing over |
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Definition
| approaches of dealing with conflict |
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Definition
| approaches of dealing with conflict |
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Definition
| approaches of dealing with conflict |
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Definition
| approaches of dealing with conflict |
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| Communicative approaches to managing conflict |
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Definition
| approaches of dealing with conflict |
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Definition
o Assertive: stand up for what you think and feel, but being respectful of other’s feelings as well
- People are not mind readers
- Habit isn’t a reason for anything
- You can’t make others happy
- Don’t worry about disapproval
- What’s the worst that could happen?
- Don’t be victimized |
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Definition
- Principles
- Reframe
- Respond, don’t react
- Identify and alter tactics
Styles of Negotiation
- Win-Lose
- Lose-Lose
- Win-Win |
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Definition
| o The 3rd party has a right to decide what is best, and the two conflicting parties are bound to follow his decision |
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Definition
| o Court with a judge and jury |
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Definition
| o Use of a mediator/facilitator to try and reach a win-win situation between the conflicting parties. But no binding power of decision over the two parties. |
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Term
| types of interview questions |
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Definition
- Direct
o To elicit direct and clear answers (“can you tell me your job title?”, or “how long have you been at your organization?”)
o To determine basic background information
- Open
- Closed
- Bipolar
o Type of closed questions: Yes or No, Right or Wrong… only two options
- Leading
o A question asked with a specific answer in your mind
- Loaded
- Yes-Response
- Probes
o Why? |
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Definition
- Employment
- Information-gathering
- Persuasive
- Appraisal |
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Term
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Definition
| - Definition: A system which is characterized by interconnectedness of its constituted parts. |
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| Advantages/disadvantages of groups |
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Definition
ADV:
o More ideas
o Less work load
o “Risky Shift Phenomenon” (advantage of working in a group)
• You will risk more when working within a group
DISADV:
o Disagreement
o Group Think
o Takes more time (have to accommodate all members of the group) |
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Definition
o A system defined by its constituent parts
• E.g. work group
• Study Groups
• Support Groups
• Focus Groups
• Family |
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Definition
- Six steps: o Forming o Norming • Set the group rules which you will follow to accomplish your goal o Sorming • Where the group has a disagreement or conflict, and you try to settle those conflicts or disagreements o Conforming o Performing o Adjourning
FNS the CPA |
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Term
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Definition
Formulate an Agenda
Determine how to decide:
o Consensus
• Everyone agrees 100%
o Majority
• Over 50%
o Plurality
• Not majority… but whatever gets most of the votes
o Part of the Whole
• The members already agreed on a criteria for them to decide (e.g. in legislation, setting a needed “2/3” vote to win |
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| Decision Making techniques |
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Definition
- Six-Step Standard Agenda
o Problem Identification
o Problem Analysis
o Solution Criteria
o Solution Suggestion
o Select a solution
o Implementation |
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Definition
- Maintenance Roles
o Goals: keep the group together… maintain relationships
- Task Roles
o Goal: accomplish group’s objectives
- Silent majority
o Those who don’t speak up during group meetings
o Considered here as a negative, as it hinders the development of new ideas within the group |
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Definition
o Those who don’t speak up during group meetings
o Considered here as a negative, as it hinders the development of new ideas within the group |
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| Maintenance and task roles |
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Definition
| GOAL: Accomplish group objectives |
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Definition
- Positive
- Networks
- Difficult Members (negative group roles)
o Aggressor
o Blocker
o Recognition Seeker
o Playboy/girl
o Dominator
o Help Seeker
o Special-Interest Leader |
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Definition
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Definition
- Becoming a Leader
o How?
• Person can be elected
• Appointed
• Volunteer
• Emerges naturally
- Reasons:
o Information
o Rewards
o Expectations
o Acceptance |
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Term
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Definition
- Transformational ** ?
- Superleadership** ?
- Leadership Styles
o Authoritarian
• Leader directs and dictates all group decisions and process
• So members only follow
o Democratic
o Laissez-faire |
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Definition
"Hi how are you?"
- dont really expect an answer
- aim is to reinforce relationships between communicators, but doesn't have concrete meaning |
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Definition
| used to shape someone's emotional behavior or attitude (think influence) |
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Term
| Identifying Language (the last of the Language Functions) |
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Definition
| Using identifying words to identify the subject you are talking about |
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Term
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Definition
| o Ask a yes or no question… in response the person nods…the non substitutes for the verbal answer of yes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| o Putting more focus on a certain word, emphasizing “look at me” by touching, pointing |
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Term
| Linear Model of Communication |
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Definition
In this model:
- A source encodes a message and sends it to a receiver through one or more sensory channels. The receiver then receives and decodes the message
- e.g. Television commercial |
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Term
| Interactional Model of Communication |
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Definition
In this model:
- Source encodes and sends a message to a receiver
-receiver decodes message
-BUT THEN encodes feedback and sends it back to the source
-makes the process two-directional
-source then decodes the feedback message |
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| Transactional Model of COmmunication |
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Definition
In this model:
- the communicators simultaneously process messages, and send feedback and convey new messages |
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