Term
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Definition
| First and most informal groups we have (family, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| In the company of adult friends, neighbors, and other with whom we socialize (fraternity, classmates, teammates, etc.) |
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Term
| Learning or Education Group |
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Definition
| We come together in attempt to teach or learn about a given subject (seminars, clubs, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| A group that attempts to solve a problem through teammwork |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency of people to increase their willingness to take risks as a result of a group discussions |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to a problem-solving process in which ideas accepted by the group are not really examined, and opposing ideas are suppressed. |
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Term
| The 4 Phases of Group Development |
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Definition
Phase 1: Forming
Phase 2: Storming
Phase 3: Norming
Phase 4: Performing |
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Term
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Definition
| begins prior to the first meeting, when members begin the process of separating themselves from attachments that could interfere with the group and attempt to learn about the group and/or other members. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a normal and expected response to the orientation phase; storming or conflict is the assertion of individuality to the group |
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Term
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Definition
| is marked by several levels of "balance" in response to the storming phase; individuality and groupness balance, group goals and individual goals balance, role of the leader, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| the period of consensus and maximum productivity |
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Term
| Nominal Group Technique (NGT) - 6 Phases |
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Definition
1) Silent, independent generation of ideas written down on paper
2) round-robin listing of ideas on a large newsprint so everyone can see
3) discussion of clarification of points but without critique
4) everyone individually rates the ideas
5) clarification of the vote
6) final ranking of ideas |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the receiver's perception of the speaker's authoritativeness on a given topic, his or her character, and, to a lesser degree, dynamism |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the credibility a source is thought to have prior to the time he or she delivers the message (previous impression of them prior to speech, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| is the name often given to this image that a speaker creates as a direct result of his or her speech |
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Term
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Definition
| Impromptu, reading from manuscript, memorized speech, extemporaneous speaking |
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Term
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Definition
speech presented with little preparation.
pro = maximum spontaneity
con = lack of advance planning |
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Term
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Definition
completely planned and requires preparation
pro = speaker to be precise, speech is delivered just as it was prepared
con = rarely look at crowd, reliant on manuscript |
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Term
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Definition
the entire speech is memorized
pro = look @ audience,
con = robotlike delivery meaning facial expression, gestures, and so on could be lost. second, with human memory the possibility of forgetting part of it is likely |
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Term
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Definition
| combines the advantages of careful speech outlining and planning with the spontaneity of impromptu speaking |
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Term
| Demographic Analysis vs Purpose-oriented analysis |
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Definition
Demographic - the speaker first considers some general characteristics of the audience members; age, sex, education, religion, etc.
Purpose-oriented - Speaker begins by asking himself or herself what information about the audience is most important for the speaker's purposes |
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Term
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Definition
| The listener tends to accept the change in attitude urged by the speaker |
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Term
| Contrast/Boomerang effect |
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Definition
| Instead of producing greater attitude change, the speaker elicits a negative reaction on the part of the listener |
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Term
| One-sided argument vs Two-sided argument |
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Definition
one-sided more for people who will generally be more rejecting of a opposite view
two-sided is for crowds that would be more skeptical or hostile of just one side |
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Term
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Definition
| inoculation is more effective than support in building up resistance because listeners exposed to a weak version of the counteragruments tend to develop an immunity to later arguments favoring that side |
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Term
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Definition
| allows members of the organization to "issue, interpret, and act on commands" (directions and feedback) |
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Term
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Definition
| allows members of the organization "to create and maintain productive business and personal relationships with other members of the organization" |
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Term
| The Ambiguity-Management Function |
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Definition
| choices in an organizational setting are often made in highly ambiguous circumstances |
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Term
| Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) |
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Definition
| the relationship between the employee and the leaders is influenced by both parties, and th eleader develops a somewhat different relationship with each of his or her employees |
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Term
| Supportive Communication (Boss, Leader, etc) |
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Definition
| Helps employees solve problems, encourages employees to develop new skills, praises good work, etc. |
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Term
| Noncontrolling Communication |
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Definition
| don't check on employees work, doesn't force employee to do work his or her way, leaves it up to employees to go about doing their job, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual's confidence in another person's intentions and motives |
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Term
| Downward communication in an organization |
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Definition
| initiated by the organization's upper management and then filters downward through the "chain of command" |
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Term
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Definition
| the process whereby the ideas, feelings, and perceptions of lower-level employees are communicated to those at higher levels in the organization |
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Term
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Definition
| most frequent and successful change effort. presenting ideas with data and carefully prepared charts that convey logical arguments. 2nd most commonly used packaging technique is persistance |
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Term
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Definition
| getting people involved in whatever the organization needs. the more important the issue the more people need to be involved |
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Term
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Definition
| utilizing effective timing is the most important process skill. knowing how to work the "informal systems" is another key process skill |
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Term
| Horizontal communication & it's 4 functions |
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Definition
the exchanges between and among people on the same level of the organization
1) Task Coordination
2) Problem Solving
3) Information Sharing
4) Conflict Resolution |
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Term
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Definition
| the process whereby some details are omitted |
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Term
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Definition
| the exaggeration of certain parts of the rumor |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the way people distort messages to accord with their own view of things |
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Term
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Definition
| describes the academic study of the various means by which individuals and entities relay information through mass media to large segments of the population at the same time (radio, newspapers, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
1) The Audience
2) The Communication Experience
3) The Source of Communication |
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Term
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Definition
| a person who, by selecting, changing, and/or rejecting messages, can influence the flow of information to a receiver or group of receivers |
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Term
| Diff between Embed and Unilateral |
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Definition
Embeds - Journalists placed in individual military units who live and travel with the troops
Unilaterals - Independent journalists |
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Term
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Definition
someone who, through day-to-day personal contacts and communication, influences someone else's opinions and decisions.. regularly
- the opinion leader is influenced by mass media and in return sends the influence to others |
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Term
| Diff between Selective Exposure & Selective Attention |
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Definition
Selective Exposure - the tendency to choose communication that will confirm your own opinions, attitudes, or values
Selective Attention - the receiver processes the stimuli they want to hear while filtering out the others |
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Term
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Definition
| the press tells us what to think about by establishing the relative importance of certain issues |
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Term
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Definition
| the press can tell us how we should think about certain issues |
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Term
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Definition
| views television as our major storyteller |
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Term
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Definition
| the set of attitudes that the world is a relatively mean and dangerous place |
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Term
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Definition
| we perceive others as more influenced by media content than we are ourselves |
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Term
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Definition
Main - are all the broad, general ideas and information that support your central idea
Minor - the specific ideas and information that support the main points |
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Term
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Definition
| each of your points will be in the same grammatical form |
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Term
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Definition
| a chronological order, used to show development over time |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to a physical or geographical layout to help your audience see how the parts make up the whole |
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Term
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Definition
| divides a speech into two major parts cause and effect |
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Term
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Definition
| divides a speech into two sections. one parts deals w/ a problem and one part deals w/ solution |
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Term
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Definition
| whenever your subject can be grouped logically into subtopics |
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Term
| Diff between Full Sentences and Keyword Outlines |
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Definition
FS - a complete map of what the speech will look like
KW - give only the important words and phrases |
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Term
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Definition
the opening statement of your speech
(use humor, an example, etc. to get attention |
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Term
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Definition
should tie a speech together and give the audience the feeling that the speech is complete
(summarize, include a quote, inspire, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| you talk to your audience in much the same way that you talk when you are having a conversation with another person |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the communicator is completely focused on the communication situation |
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Term
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Definition
| Appearance, Body Language, Eye Contact, Facial Expression, Gestures, Posture |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to how fast or how slowly a person speaks |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the change in pitch used to emphasize certain words and phrases |
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Term
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Definition
| a person who never varies his or her speaking voice |
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Term
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Definition
| made up of articulation and pronunciation |
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Term
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Definition
| is the ability to pronounce the letters in a word correctly |
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Term
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Definition
| is the ability to pronounce the whole word |
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Term
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Definition
use support to supplement, not replace, the speech
only use it when you are ready to use it
make sure it can be easily displayed in the room
practice w/ your visual support before the speech |
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Term
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Definition
| one that defines, clarifies, instructs, and explains |
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Term
| Goals of an Informative Speaker |
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Definition
| Increase understanding, getting attention, helping retention |
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Term
| Types of Informative Speech |
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Definition
| Objects, Processes, Events, Concepts, Overarching Principles |
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Term
| Strategies for Informative Speeches |
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Definition
| Defining - etymology, Describing - size or quantity, Explaining - connecting the known with the unknown |
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Term
| How do you get listeners involved? |
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Definition
| get the audience to participate, ask rhetorical questions, solicit questions from the audience |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of trying to get others to change their attitudes or behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| the ideas we have about what is good and what is bad and how things should be |
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Term
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Definition
| are statements of knowledge, opinion, and faith |
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Term
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Definition
| are predispositions to respond favorably or unfavorably toward a person, subject, or situation |
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Term
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Definition
| determine your purpose, analyze your audience, appeal to your audience using logic, appeal to your audience using emotion, use research to prove your points, choose your language carefully, appeal to your audience using your credibility |
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Term
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Definition
| subgroup of the whole audience that you must persuade in order to reach your goal |
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Term
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Definition
| moves from general to specific |
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Term
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Definition
| reasoning from the specific to the general |
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Term
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Definition
| is a logical appeal that pertains to, constitutes, involves, or expresses a cause and therefore uses the word because, which is implicit or explicit |
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Term
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Definition
| a component of an argument that is flawed in its logic or form, and because of the flaw, it renders the argument invalid |
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Term
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Definition
| show a great deal of enthusiasm and energy for their subjects |
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Term
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Definition
| are those which ask you to answer whether or not something is true or false, always answered "yes or no" |
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Term
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Definition
| are concerned with the relative merit of a thing |
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Term
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Definition
| deal with specific courses of action |
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Term
| 5 steps of Motivated Sequence |
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Definition
1) Attention
2) Need
3) Satisfaction
4) Visualization
5) Action |
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