Term
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Definition
| the study of sounds; phonemes are the smallest unit of sound; eg: the French don’t use h,r, the English ‘th’ sound etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of word formation; alphabetic vs. pictographic; verb tenses, syntax, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| sentence structure/ word order |
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Term
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Definition
| – meaning; the vocabulary from different cultures direct members’ attention to the things that are important to their social experience |
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Term
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Definition
| – language use; contextual rules differ by culture; eg: can you close the window vs. it’s cold |
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Term
| Analytical Thinking Styles |
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Definition
• The world is a line
• Assume clearly definable cause leading to observed effect
• Conclusion: Need specific intervention |
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Term
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Definition
• The world is a circle
• Assume coherent whole and interdependence between parts
Conclusion: Need to coordinate relationship between parts |
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Term
| Nominalist position on language |
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Definition
| perception is not shaped by language |
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Term
| Qualified Relativist position on language |
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Definition
| middle ground, language is a byproduct of mental machinery |
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Term
| Relativist position on language |
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Definition
Language shapes thoughts and defines experience
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis |
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Term
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
research? |
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Definition
| – Relativist Position – language shapes thoughts and defines experience (research does not support strict interpretation) |
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Term
| High Context Communication Style |
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Definition
• Most info in physical context or internalized in the person
• Unspoken or implicit
• Little info is explicit or transmitted in the message
• The receiver assumes responsibility to infer the hidden/ contextual meanings |
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Term
| Low Context Communication Style |
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Definition
• Most info is vested in explicit, direct messages
• Elaborated codes: precise, straightforward, direct, unambiguous
• The speaker is expected to be responsible for constructing a clear message easy to decode |
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Term
| Direct Communication Styles |
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Definition
• Straight talk
• nonverbal immediacy
• sender oriented values |
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Term
| Indirect Communication Styles |
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Definition
• Context-based talk
• Non verbal subtleties
• Receiver sensitive values |
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Term
| Elaborate Communication Styles |
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Definition
o Rely heavily on verbal amplification style
o Little reliance on non-verbal and contextual cues |
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Term
| Understated Communication Styles |
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Definition
o Rely heavily on hidden, implicit contextual cues
o Extensive use of jargons and nonverbal |
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Term
| Self enhancement communication styles |
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Definition
o Promote self ego
o Highlight one’s own abilities and accomplishments |
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Term
| Self effacement communication Styles |
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Definition
o Humbling oneself via verbal restraints/hesitations
o Modest talk
o Use of self depreciation |
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Term
| Co-cultural communication theory |
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Definition
o Describes how language works between dominant and co-cultural groups
o Non-assertive, assertive and aggressive group orientations
o Assimilation, accommodation, and separation emphasis |
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Term
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Definition
| Mixing languages as opposed to multilingualism; spanglish |
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Term
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Definition
(LN; CH 6, p. 243)
A condition of being of equal in meaning/value/quantity in translation (EG: Doe a deer would not have linguistic equivalence in Chinese) |
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Term
| Communication accommodation theory |
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Definition
| The adjustment of verbal and nonverbal behaviors to other cultures (based on speech accommodation theory) |
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Term
| “Critical Period Hypothesis” |
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Definition
Ideal “window of time” to acquire language in a linguistically rich environment
o Guaranteed before 6, compromised until shortly after puberty, rare thereafter |
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Term
| How are accents and dialectics related to group identity and cognitive bias? |
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Definition
o Accents are an emblem of group identity
o Express ethnic/national/regional sentiments
o Accents can affect how others communicate with you
o EG Doctors don’t tell as much medical information to those with thick accents |
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Term
| How are linguistic variations (e.g., tenses, vocabulary, sentence structure) related to different world views and thinking styles? (LN) |
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Definition
o Tenses can indicate respect (tu vs. usted)
o Vocabulary can direct attention to the things that are important in their social experience
o Sentence structure can indicate high or low context etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of how people use various types of space |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by set boundaries |
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Term
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Definition
| defined by boundaries such as furniture |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| in which people stand closer together while talking, engage in more direct eye contact, use face to face body orientations, touch more frequently and speak in louder voices |
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Term
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Definition
| people stand further apart while conversing maintain less eye contact and touch less often |
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Term
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Definition
| study of posture, body movement and gestures; we can not not communicate |
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Term
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Definition
| – the study of perceptions and meanings of touch behavior; touching behavior is an expression of dominance; people in warmer climates touch more |
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Term
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Definition
| the sounds and tones we use in conversation/speech; HOW something is said |
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Term
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Definition
| concepts of time and the rules that govern its use |
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Term
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Definition
o time is a commodity
o can be spent, wasted etc.
o time is linear
o value punctuality and keeping to schedules |
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Term
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Definition
o time is holistic
o sometimes circular
o tasks are accomplished because of personal relations not in spite of them |
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Term
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Definition
| The seven universal emotions based on recognition studies: Sadness, anger, disgust, fear, interest, surprise, happiness |
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Term
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Definition
Tendency to respond quickly
o Brainstorming – no criticism
o Accepting partially right as ok |
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Term
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Definition
o Tendency to inhibit responses and reflect before responding
o To guess is to admit unpreparedness
o Think 3x before you act – cautious in decisions |
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Term
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Definition
| settling too quickly and feeling discomfort about easy win |
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Term
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Definition
| draws people to the center (generally involves some sort of courtyard/town square) vs. centrifugal space spreads away from the center |
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Term
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Definition
| spreads away from the center |
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Term
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Definition
| loyalty to region that holds meaning |
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Term
| Postmodern cultural space |
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Definition
| places defined by cultural practices – language spoken, identities enacted, rituals performed etc. Can change as people move in and out |
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Term
| Expectancy violation theory |
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Definition
(LN) reactions to violations in expectations; originally applied to nonverbal proxemic violations; expanded to account for all violations
o Expectancies are what we predict to happen based on relationship, communicator characteristics, and context-cultural norms
o Dominant view – effective communicators conform to others expectations
o Burgoon’s proposition – violations may be a superior strategy to conformity
Violation arousal attention |
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Term
| What are the functions of nonverbal communication? |
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Definition
| To repeat, compliment, contradict, substitute, or regulate verbal codes. |
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Term
| U.S. definitions of spatial zones. (LN) |
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Definition
o 0-18 in – intimate zone
o 18in-4 ft – personal zone
o 4 ft-12 ft – social zone
o 12 ft and beyond – public zone |
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Term
| cultural differences in the use and perception of silence, as suggested by some research findings. |
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Definition
o Some cultures value silence and relate it to the conviction that the establishment of social relationships is a serious matter that calls for caution and careful judgement
o Silence varies across cultures as an appropriate response to unpredictability
o Silence has also been shown to be an indication of power relationships
o Talkativeness is regarded as a sign of unreliability in Finland
o Chinese are influenced by Confucianism which advocates hesitancy and humble talk |
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Term
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Definition
| – a relatively short-term feeling of discomfort and disorientation due to the lack of familiar cues in the environment |
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Term
| Migrant (involuntary vs. voluntary) |
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Definition
a migrant is an individual who leaves the primary cultural contexts in which he or she was raised and moves to a new cultural context for an extended period of time
o Sojourners are people who move into a new cultural context for a limited time for a specific purpose
o Immigrants settle more or less permanently
o Long term and short term refugees migrate involuntarily |
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Term
| Migrant-host relationships |
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Definition
Separation
Integration
Assimilation
Marginalization |
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Term
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Definition
| – migrants devalue host/majority culture and retains original culture |
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Term
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Definition
| – gives up cultural heritage and adopts dominant culture |
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Term
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Definition
| – maintain original culture and daily interactions with other groups |
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Term
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Definition
| – individual expresses little interest in maintaining cultural ties with either the dominant or migrant culture |
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Term
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Definition
| – a combination of modes of relating to dominant culture |
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Term
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Definition
| – the long term process of learning the rules and customs of a new cultural context |
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Term
| The anxiety-uncertainty management model of cultural adaptation |
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Definition
| o Adapting to new culture leads to anxiousness, anxiety and uncertainty o Ideal is to be between upper and lower thresholds of uncertainty o If anxiety is too high, leads to withdraw, if anxiety is low, won’t manage/learn |
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Term
| The transition model of cultural adaptation |
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Definition
| (LN, CH 8, pp. 322-324) o All adult transitions involve change, including loss and gain o Flight vs. fight – approaches to unfamiliar situations; fight is a trial and error approach to coping with a new situation; flight is being hesitant or withdrawn from the new environment |
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Term
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Definition
| – approaches to unfamiliar situations; fight is a trial and error approach to coping with a new situation; flight is being hesitant or withdrawn from the new environment |
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Term
| The integrative model of cultural adaptation |
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Definition
| (LN, CH 8, pp. 324-327) o Adaptation is a process of stress, adjustment, and growth o Natural response to not fitting in is adjustment o Psychic breakdown of previously held attitudes and behaviors o Adaptation occurs through communication o People can reject new ideas, fit them into existing frameworks, change frameworks |
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Term
| The phenomenological model of cultural adaptation |
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Definition
| research approach that seeks in depth explanations of human experiences; researchers take extensive notes and try to understand philosophies |
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Term
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Definition
| – the experience of being between two or more cultural positions; neither here nor there |
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Term
| Fiske’s universal forms of relational behavior (LN) |
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Definition
Communal sharing
Authority ranking
Equality matching
Market pricing |
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Term
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Definition
| – the boundaries of individual selves are indistinct and undifferentiated; need based distribution; eg teen asks parent for $ |
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Term
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Definition
| – involves asymmetrical positions in a linear hierarchy; rank based distribution; 1st son gets inheritance |
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Term
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Definition
| – balance between distinct individuals; equal share distributions; emphasizes reciprocity, eye for an eye |
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Term
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Definition
| – socially meaningful ratios and rates; cost benefit; equity based distribution based on contributions; market value more important that personal/social value |
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Term
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Definition
| – learning that comes from a particular relationship but generalizes to other contexts |
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Term
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Definition
| Chinese relational network |
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Term
| • social penetration theory |
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Definition
| closeness occurs through a gradual process of self-disclosure, and closeness develops if the participants proceed in a gradual and orderly fashion from superficial to intimate levels of exchange as a function of both immediate and forecast outcomes. Onion metaphor |
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Term
| four styles of intercultural relationship management |
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Definition
| (LN, CH 10, p. 409) submission compromise obliteration consensus |
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Term
| submission as a way of dealing with intercultural relationships |
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Definition
| – one yields to another’s cultural patterns |
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Term
| o compromise as a way of dealing with intercultural relationships |
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Definition
| – both give up part of cultural patterns and beliefs |
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Term
| o obliteration as a way of dealing with intercultural relationships |
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Definition
| – attempt to erase individual cultures |
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Term
| o consensus as a way of dealing with intercultural relationships |
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Definition
| – partners negotiate cultural differences |
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Term
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Definition
| – communicative exchange (Interaction) between at least 2 interdependent parties who have incomparible goals and/or opinions and who perceive that the other is interfering with the achievement of his or her goals |
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Term
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Definition
| COnflict between 2 or more cultural groups that includes Dialectical tensions, individual, cultural, personal and social. History-present dialectic. Multiple sources of conflict: economic, social, political, and religious |
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Term
| • The dual concern modal of conflict management |
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Definition
o Dominating/competition – high concern for own goals, low concern for other
o Integrating/collaboration – high concern for both other and own goal
o Compromising/compromise – medium concern for other and own goal
o Obliging/accommodation – low concern for own goal, high concern for other goal
o Avoiding/avoidance – low concern for both other and own goal |
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Term
| • The dual concern modal of conflict management |
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Definition
o Dominating/competition – high concern for own goals, low concern for other
o Integrating/collaboration – high concern for both other and own goal
o Compromising/compromise – medium concern for other and own goal
o Obliging/accommodation – low concern for own goal, high concern for other goal
o Avoiding/avoidance – low concern for both other and own goal |
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Term
| Cultural variability in Face negotiation theory and effect on fighting styles |
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Definition
| Those from individualist cultures generally have independent self construals and consequently the need to protect their own face, they will use dominating, emotional expression and passive aggressive conflict management styles. Those from collectivist cultures generally have interdependent self construal and the need to mutually protect face, they will use integrating, compromising, accommodating, avoiding or 3rd party management of conflict. |
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Term
| Cultural variability in Face negotiation theory |
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Definition
| Those from individualist cultures generally have independent self construals and consequently the need to protect their own face, they will use dominating, emotional expression and passive aggressive conflict management styles. Those from collectivist cultures generally have interdependent self construal and the need to mutually protect face, they will use integrating, compromising, accommodating, avoiding or 3rd party management of conflict. |
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Term
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Definition
| the need to be liked, respected and admired by others; the need to be a worthy companion |
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Term
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Definition
| the need to be autonomous, independent and unconstrained |
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Term
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Definition
| specific verbal and nonverbal messages that help to construct repair or give face |
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Term
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Definition
| (LN) – when 2 or more parties attempt to find a mutually acceptable solution to a problem or dispute that neither party could resolve on his or her own |
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Term
| o Distributive negotiation |
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Definition
| –competitive win-lose negotiation that implies that the more I get the less you get |
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Term
| o Integrative negotiation |
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Definition
| – cooperative, win-win negotiations that assume you are capable of “expanding the pie” and meeting everyone’s needs |
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Term
| How do individualists and collectivists differ in conflict management? |
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Definition
Individualist
confrontational and direct
less use of mediators (formal when used)
concerned with justice
separate issues from people
short term orientation
Individualists
avoidant and indirect
more use of informal mediators
concerned with relationships
connect issues with people
long term orientation |
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Term
| key integrative negotiation strategies. |
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Definition
| Integrative strategies – diagnostic questions, shared information about priorities, unbundle issues, makie package offers |
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