1. Biological Differences

                                          ii.         GENDER IS CULTURAL

History of Women in Sports

                                         iii.         Challenging stereotypes

Title XI

Athletic interest of the underrepresented sex are fully satisfied

Gender Coverage of Sports

c.     90% of coverage in men sports

Exemplification theory

1.     Helps us figure out hegemonic factors that are relevant in our value system

                                           i.         Photographs reinforce gender steretypes

2.     Women: Posed Shots

                                           i.         Task Relevance

When participation in non sex appropriate sport, commentary becomes less task relevant

                                           i.         Personal Interest stories

1.     More inclined to say something when in a non sex appropriate sport.

                                           i.         Men Superiority

2.     Focuses on physical skill

                                           i.         Men`s composure

2.     Mental toughness praised

                                           i.         Attribution of Luck

a.     Men lose: it wasnt their night

1.     Comments about bodies

b.     Male: Physique focused on: strong as a bull

a.     Hegemonic Masculinity

                                           i.         Those in power want to stay in power

                                           i.         Nolan Ryan 5 Themes (Trujillo 1991)

a.     If it is not stated, it is implied

                                           i.         6 ways homphobia is manifest in sports

6.     Preferences for male coaches

1.     Rene Portland Article

b.     Reinforces cultural stigmatism

a.     Symbolic Annihilation

                                         iii.         Related to masculine hegemony

a.     4 media image created

1.     Lisa Leslie

a.     Case (portland case)

2.     Textual Analysis

                                           i.         Themes (portland case)

2.     Privatization of Sexuality

a.     Take-Home (portland case)

1.     Did nothing to help women athletes in general

1.     FIFA Article

                                                                                                ii.         Media tells us how objects go together

                                          ii.         Created through every day talk

a.     Examining Soccer

                                           i.         Soccer helps us examine the world: not just a US problem, but a world one

                                           i.         Represented/Represented

3.     Representation: hypersexualization

                                           i.         Perpetuation of Dual identity

b.     Women Just posing

                                           i.         What soccer does to women

                                                                                                 i.         Ultimate goal: Show how gender is ralted with soccer, gobal difference

                                           i.         What soccer does to women (2)

                                                                                                 i.         Linguistic markers “Girls makes them sound like infants”

1.     Ethnicity

b.     Society based charactersitcs

1.     Race

                                          ii.         Hair texture

1.     Black and White dichotomy in sports

a.     Examines how white vs. black people are treated in sport

1.     American Indians

b.     Participation just now happening

1.     African Americans

b.     First to break color barrier in sport

                                           i.         Athlete portrayal in the news

3.     Who`s portrayed more often

                                           i.         History of Privilege

2.     White people playing sport

                                           i.         Self-selection

b.     Black tennis player

1.     Asians are the model minority

Media discourse highlights the features they share with the dominate group

Asian highlight those traits because they share the same values as the dominate group 

a.     Dont see differences
b.     Only Differences
                                                                                                 i.         In US
1.     Positively portrayed
2.     Strong members of the Latino American community
                                                                                                ii.         Not in the US
1.     Negative
2.     Deviant, Criminal

1.     Black

a.     Tend to be potrayed as playing aggressive and hyper-mascule

a.     Take Home Message

        Socialize viewers to think that black people are dangerous

               Portrayal here underscores the negativity for African-American males

1.     Stacking

a.     Placement of people into roles that fit the group
b.     Based on what we know about society, it is how we put people in groups
c.     Baseball

                                                                                                 i.         African Americans: Out fielders

                                                                                                ii.         Lations: Middle infield
Whites: Catcher/Pitcher

1.     2013 Athletic Participation Rates

2.     30.1% White

1.     Naming Controversy

a.     US commission on civll rights called for the end of using American Indian mascot logos and nicknames
b.     What has been done?
                                                                                                 i.         Univ. of Illinois- Dropped mascot
                                                                                                ii.         FSU- Tribal Endorsement
                                                                                               iii.         St. Johns Univ. Redman: Red Storm
c.     Redskins: NEVER will change the name

Differences

1.     Review what other scholars have done to unpack witness

a.     Good Discussion

                                           i.         Media putting together the signs of being white, and not white
                                          ii.         Black and White binary
1.     Different labels that the “other” have to deal with that whites dont have to deal with.
2.     Sports media: what is what vs. what is other
                                         iii.         Binary vision of black male athletes   
1.     Good and Bad
a.     Tiger Woods, Michael Jordan- Good
b.     Pacman Jones- Bad
2.     Doesn’t provide any context for the exemplar they chose
a.     Ignoring social structural disparities that continue to disproportionately impact people of color more broadly

1.     The Whitness of Sport Media/Scholarship

a.     Look at Whites

2.     Dont really know what whiteness is

                                           i.         Problem with examining Whitness

3.     Whites being members of the group, whites can use this as a platform in ways that can make the problem worse

1.     The Whitness of Sport Media/Scholarship

                                           i.         3 Themes

                                                                                                ii.         But still dont face the problems with what culture they ID with