Term
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Definition
Mean = Average
Add up all numbers and divide by the number of numbers |
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Term
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Definition
| The number that occurs the most often in the data set |
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Term
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Definition
| The number that would lie exactly in the middle if you wrote out all numbers in order from lowest to highest |
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Term
| What is Standard Deviation? |
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Definition
| An index of how the majority of the scores spread out around the mean |
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Term
| What do inferential statistics allow us to do? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Statistically Significant? |
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Definition
| Occurrence must be unlikely to happen by chance |
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Term
| What is a Research Hypothesis? |
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Definition
Statement of a predicted relationship between variables
(Directional or Nondirectional) |
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Term
| What is a Null Hypothesis? |
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Definition
| A hypothesis that states a lack of relationship between the two factors |
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Term
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Definition
| Saying there is a difference when there is not |
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Term
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Definition
| The error of accepting the Null Hypothesis when it is false |
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Term
| What is a 0.0 Correlation? |
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Definition
- Weakest Correlation
- No relation between variables
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Term
| What is the difference between Observed and Expected Frequencies? |
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Definition
- Observed - Actual data
- Expected - The values that would be seen if the Null ....
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Term
| What are the symbols for Design Notation and what do they represent? |
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Definition
- X
- Introduction of the Independent Variable (IV)
- The Experimental Treatment
- O
- Observation of a Dependent Variable (DV)
- R
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Term
True Experimental Design
(Expermental Designs) |
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Definition
- True Experiments Involve:
- A Control Group (DV)
- An Experimental Group (IV)
- Random Assignment to groups
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Term
What is the
Double-Blind Experiment? |
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Definition
| Neither participants, nor research assistants have knowledge of whether a participant is in the control group or the experimental group |
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Term
Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design
(Experimental Designs) |
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Definition
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Term
Posttest Only Control Group Design
(Experimental Designs) |
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Definition
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Term
Solomon Four-Group Design
(Experimental Designs) |
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Definition
R O1 X O2
R O3 O4
R X O5
R O6 |
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Term
What is a Quasi-Experimental Design?
(Quasi-Experimental Designs) |
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Definition
- Experiments that lack full experimental control
- They typically involve some type of comparison group, but
- The comparison group is not randomly assigned
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Term
The Time Series Design
(Quasi-Experimental Designs) |
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Definition
| O1 O2 O3 O4 X O5 O6 O7 O8 |
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Term
Nonequivalent Control Group Design
(Quasi-Experimental Designs) |
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Definition
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Term
Multiple Time Series Designs
(Quasi-Experimental Designs) |
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Definition
O1 O2 O3X O4 O5 O6
O7 O8 O9 O10 O11 O12 |
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Term
What is the Cut-Off for p Values?
(Statistical Significance) |
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Definition
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Term
What are the
Types of Validity? |
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Definition
Measurement Validity
Content Validity
Criterion Validity
Construct Validity |
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Term
Definition of
Measurement Validity
(Types of Validity) |
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Definition
| The measure accurately reflects the concept it intends to measure |
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Term
What is the Definition of
Content Validity?
(Types of Validity) |
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Definition
| Content Validity asks: Does the measure cover the range of meanings of dimensions included within the concept? |
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Term
What are the 2 Types
of Content Validity?
(Types of Validity) |
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Definition
Face Validity
Expert Panel Validity |
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Term
What is Face Validity?
(Types of Validity) |
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Definition
| Does a given measure "on it's face" represent the conceptualization of the variable? |
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Term
What is Expert Panel Validity?
(Types of Validity) |
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Definition
- Using expert opinion to decide if the measure represents the conceptualization of the variable.
- Experts might, either:
- Evaluate the measure post-construction
- Help create the measure
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Term
What are the Types of Criterion Validity?
(Types of Validity) |
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Definition
Predictive Validity
Concurrent Validity |
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Term
What is Predictive Validity?
(Types of Validity: Criterion Validity) |
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Definition
| Does the measure predict future behavior? |
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Term
What is Concurrent Validity?
(Types of Validity: Criterion Validity) |
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Definition
| Do participants scores on the measure reflect scores on similar measures? |
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Term
What are the 2 Types of Construct Validity?
(Types of Validity) |
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Definition
Convergent Construct Validity
Discriminant Construct Validity |
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Term
What is Convergent Construct Validity?
(Types of Validity: Construct Validity) |
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Definition
| Measure is positively correlated with theoretically related variables |
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Term
What is Discriminant Construct Validity?
(Types of Validity: Construct Validity) |
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Definition
| Measure is negatively correlated with theoretically different variables |
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Term
What are the Participant-related
Threats to Validity?
(Validity Issues in Experiments) |
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Definition
- The Hawthorne Effect/Placebo Effect
- Maturation
- Experimental Mortality
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Term
What is the
Selection Bias?
(Validity Issues in Experiments) |
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Definition
- A threat to validity that occurs when participants are not selected randomly
- It happens when intact groups are used to conduct studies
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Term
What is the
Maturation Effect?
(Validity Issues in Experiments) |
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Definition
| Occurs when there are changes seen in subjects because of the time that has past since the study began |
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Term
What is the
Mortality Effect?
(Validity Issues in Experiments) |
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Definition
A threat to internal validity from a reduction in the effectiveness of study participants
- If a participant drops out or dies, it changes the validity of the study
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Term
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Definition
- A unit about which information is collected
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Term
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Definition
"A theoretically specified aggregation of study elements"
The entire group to which you wish to generalize the results found in your sample |
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Term
| What is a Study Population? |
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Definition
"An aggregation of elements from which the sample is actually selected"
Generally, it is impossible to study everyone, so we may wish to redefine our sample |
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Term
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Definition
| An element or set of elements that is considered for selection |
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Term
| What is a Generalization? |
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Definition
| Based on our sampling unit, who can we generalize the results of our study to? |
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Term
| What is Probability Sampling? |
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Definition
Random sample of everyone in the population you are interested in studying
Only representative of the population it wishes to generalize if everyone in the population has an equal chance of being selected in the sample |
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Term
What are the Researcher Threats
to Internal Validity?
(Validity Issues in Experiments) |
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Definition
- Observer Bias
- Experimenter Effect
- Researcher Attribute Effect
- Manipulation Checks
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Term
| What are the 4 Levels of Measurement? |
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Definition
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio |
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Term
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Definition
| Numbers or symbols assigned to a category for the purpose of naming (i.e. sex, political party) |
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Term
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Definition
| Ordered categories expressed as ranks, in which the order they are does matter (i.e. class standing) |
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Term
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Definition
| Equal intervals between points in the scale; no true point zero |
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Term
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Definition
Interval and ration = Precision
Nominal and Ordinal = Power |
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Term
What are the Types of
Inferential Statistics? |
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Definition
Chi Square
T-test
ANOVA
Regression |
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Term
| 3 Things that Effect a Study's Power |
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Definition
Sample Size
Probability Level
Effect Level |
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