Term
| Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932-1972) |
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Definition
Conducted by the US Public Health Service
Studied the natural progression of untreated syphilis
Ethical Objections: researchers knowingly failed to treat patients
Led to: major changes in US Law & informed consent |
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Term
| Nazi Medical War Crimes (1939-1945) |
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Definition
Medical experiments on prisoners
Prisoners did not give consent
Nuremberg Code |
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Term
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Definition
Basis for international ethics codes on voluntary consent
1. Importance for gaining voluntary consent
2. Avoidance of unnecessary physical/psychological suffering
3. Avoidance of research where death/disabling injury is likely
4. End any experiment if its continuation is dangerous
5. Research conducted only by highly qualified researchers
6. Research is conducted only for the good of society |
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Term
| Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study (1963) |
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Definition
US Public Health Study
Experiments on the chronically ill - inject patients with cancerous cells
Deception |
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Term
| Milgram Experiment (1961) |
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Definition
Tortured people in other room
Psychological damage
Did not tell subjects |
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Term
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Definition
Attempts to summarize basic ethical principles
1. Respect for persons
2. Beneficence
3. Justice |
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Term
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Definition
Individuals should be treated as autonomous agents
Must be given the information they need to decide
There should be no pressure to participate
People with diminished autonomy may need additional protection - can still decide if able - guardian may decide |
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Term
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Definition
Participants enter into the research voluntarily and with adequate information.
Participants can change their mind or withdraw at any time. |
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Definition
| Making efforts to secure well being by maximizing possible benefits and minimizing possible harm. Balance risks and benefits |
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Definition
| Participants are to be treated fairly |
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Term
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Definition
| a living individual about whom a researcher obtains either data throughout intervention or interaction with the person or identifiable private information. |
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Term
| Researcher Responsibilities |
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Definition
1. The study is properly designed, scientifically sound, yields valid results.
2. Participation meets selection/eligibility requirements
3. The study is approved by IRB and conducted according to protocol
4. Informed consent is appropriately obtained
5. Protocol changes/adverse events are reported to the IRB
6. The rights and welfare of the participants are monitored throughout the study
7. All members of the research team are qualified and trained |
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Term
| Research participant must be competent to consent. |
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Definition
Comprehend
Agree
Be voluntary and free from coercion |
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Term
| Researcher must disclose all relevant information to potential participants. |
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Definition
Study purpose
Nature of the research procedure
Reasonable alternatives to the proposed intervention
Risks, benefits, uncertainties of intervention |
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Term
| IRB (Institutional Review Board) |
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Definition
Comprised of researchers and community members
Meet to review research proposals, ensuring that researchers are meeting responsibilities and protecting research participants
Ensure respect for persons, beneficence, and justice |
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Term
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Definition
Describes what something means by relating it to other abstract concepts
Use other words - not the root word. |
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Term
| 3 Types of Conceptual Definitions |
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Definition
1. Daily: generally accepted by society (slang)
2. Poetic: figurative interpretations (lyrics)
3. Scholarly: specific, technical meanings (identify what is included and excluded) |
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Term
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Definition
Describes what is to be observed by specifying what researchers must do to make observations
Provides specific steps
The "recipe" |
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Term
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Definition
| Moving from the conceptual definition to operational definition |
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Term
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Definition
a strong linkage between a conceptual definition an its operational definition
The better the conceptual fit, the more likely it is that the researchers are observing the phenomenon they intend to study.
Influenced by choice of measurement. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Nominal
2. Ordinal
3. Interval
4. Ratio |
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Term
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Definition
Numbers are used simply to identify or "name" a category
The numbers are not important but represent a category |
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Term
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Definition
| Uses rank order to determine differences but no info about differences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Establishes equal distances between points on the measurement scale, but zero is arbitrary. |
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Term
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Definition
| Extends interval to include an absolute zero |
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Term
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Definition
Researcher develops many statements about the variables being researched
Multiple people rate the statements from 1 (most unfavorable) to 11 (most favorable)
Statements that are rated consistently by most people are selected and assigned a value based on average scores
Final statements then used to measure variables (questionnaire) |
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Term
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Definition
"Method of summated agreement"
Create statements that clearly are positive or negative toward a topic
Ask people to indicate the degree to which they agree or disagree
Sum responses to all items
Infer overall attitude from summed ratings |
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Term
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Definition
Create a series of bipolar adjectives with 5/7 point scales
Ask people to select one point that expresses their attitude for each item
Sum the scores for all items measuring each variable. |
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Term
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Definition
A cumulative scale.
If you agree with the last item on the list, you should agree with all the others that came before it. |
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Term
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Definition
1. External
2. Internal
3. Measurement |
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Term
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Definition
Generalizability
The results can be applied to a larger set of situations or people. |
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Term
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Definition
Accuracy of the conclusions
The study should be designed and conducted so that it leads to accurate findings) |
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Term
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Definition
accuracy of the measures
how well researchers measure what they intend to measure
Technically a type of internal validity
Consistency and reliability is a key aspect. |
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Term
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Definition
measures reliability in quantitative research.
Can range from -1 (perfect neg.) 0 (no relationship) and 1 (perfect positive)
.70 or greater indicates a reliable measure |
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Term
| To obtain reliability statistics... |
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Definition
1. Test-retest method. Make measurements more than once, if answers vary they might be wrong.
2. Split-half method. Split variables in half and the two groups should measure similarly.
3. Intercoder reliability. Independent coders or observers agree in their judgements. |
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Term
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Definition
| Means that researchers measure their variables in a consistent and stable manner across time, questions, and individuals. |
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Term
| 2 Types of Measurement Validity |
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Definition
1. Content Validity: the measure should appear to assess the variable being investigated. Face & Expert validity.
2. Construct Validity: the measure should relate appropriately to other theoretically consistent variables. |
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Term
| Threats to Internal Validity |
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Definition
1. History: changes in the external environment affect people in the study
2. Sensitization (or testing effect): initial measurement influences later measurement
3. Instrumentation: changes in the methods used to collect data
4. Maturation: physical or psychological changes within the participants over time
5. Mortality: loss of research participants in the course of the research
6. Selection: methods use to obtain participants. A threat to internal validity but also affects external validity. Use of appropriate sampling methods is key. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Random: probability
2. Non-Random: non-probability |
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Term
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Definition
1. Convenience Sampling
2. Purposive or Judgmental Sampling
3. Snowball Sampling
4. Quota Sampling |
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Term
| The Logic of Probability Sampling |
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Definition
1. A sample must reflect the same degree of variation as the actual population.
2. Non-probability samples are riddled with potential bias
3. To ensure representativeness all members of the population must have an equal chance of being selected
4. Uses probability theory to assess the degree of representativeness of the sample. |
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Term
| Types of Probability Sampling Designs |
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Definition
1. Simple Random Sampling
2. Systematic Sampling
3. Stratified Sampling
4. Multistage Cluster Sampling |
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Term
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Definition
| Random selection is key. It guards against conscious or unconscious bias and enables the prediction of population parameters and estimates of error. Sample size matters. |
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