Term
| Intercoder agreement needs to be at ____%. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Another term for intercoder agreement is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Easiest coding categories, usually yes or no questions or ask about something with very few options. Have no ambiguity. Is it black and white or colored? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Most difficult coding categories, has a lot of ambiguity, could be doubt, hard to get a 70% agree rate on. Ie is it beautiful? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can you generalize quantified coding to? |
|
Definition
| Only the set the data was taken from |
|
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Term
| Methods of studying social behavior without affecting it. Content analysis is an example. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Studying content, not people. IE studying the art, not the artist. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The study of recorded human communications (i.e. books, websites, paintings, laws, etc.). Looks at these for the who, what, and how. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| An appropriate topic of content analysis looked at by Lasswell 1948, looks at who says what to whom, how, and with what effect. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the Common Coding Categories |
|
Definition
Who (medium, media outlet, sources)
What (domain)
How (frames) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A larger sample has larger ____ power and smaller _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the best way to do sampling in content analysis of i.e. newspapers? |
|
Definition
| structure it into weeks, then randomly sample issues from randomly selected days. (Like a Stratified sample) |
|
|
Term
| What needs to be considered when picking a sample for content analysis? |
|
Definition
| Sampling time frame, population, probability |
|
|
Term
| Every content analysis must address what? |
|
Definition
| The six questions of Krippendorff |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 questions of Krippendorf? |
|
Definition
1) Which Data are analyzed?
2) How are they defined?
3) What is the population from which they are drawn?
4) What is the context relative to which the data are analyzed?
5) What are the boundaries of the analysis?
6) What is the target of the inferences? |
|
|
Term
| What was the goal of the study on alcohol ads in magazines? |
|
Definition
| To understand how much and what types of magazine ads for alcohol target youth in the U.S. |
|
|
Term
| What was the objective of the study on alcohol ads in magazines? |
|
Definition
| explore alcohol ads to try to see problems for today on teens and college students, looked at how ads target youths |
|
|
Term
| What was the method of the study on alcohol ads in magazines? |
|
Definition
| looked at previous research, looked at % of alcohol ads to regular ads in magazine, looked at audience of each magazine and the appeals and ad characteristics |
|
|
Term
| What were the top appeals of the study on alcohol ads in magazines? |
|
Definition
| wealth, prestige, success, sex, humor |
|
|
Term
| ____% of ads for alcohol were in magazines for people under 24. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the distance from the average? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the measure that tells what is most common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The center of the normal bell curve is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How should we treat an outlier? |
|
Definition
| move it to be like other lowest score, just give it the mean score, or ignore it |
|
|
Term
Calculate the mean:
5, 10, 7, 8, 6, 5, 4, 3, 5, 4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name things that can be analyzed with content analysis |
|
Definition
| Notes from class, newspapers, insignias on jewelry or clothing, movies, TV shows, ads, magazines etc. |
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|
Term
| Content analysis CANT analyze what things? |
|
Definition
| History, people, viewpoints |
|
|
Term
| What are the top 3 things content is analyzed for? |
|
Definition
| Messages, Frames, Appeals |
|
|
Term
| Can we use data if intercoder reliability is 65%? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you are analyzing a horror film on how it causes people to be afraid, what is the best research method to use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you are trying to make causation inferences in the longterm on people's fear levels of a movie and want to generalize your findings to a population, what is the best research method to use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you want to draw just causation, what research method do you use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you want to draw causation inferences and generalize them what research method do you use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What research method is generalizable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What research method is best for determining causation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you want to draw up an experiment but think you should look at notes first, what research method are you most likely going to use on the notes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the goal of the Rimm Report? |
|
Definition
| To determine if a picture was obscene/pornographic |
|
|
Term
| What is the Potter Stewart Test? Is this method strong or weak? |
|
Definition
| Content Analysis test where you just look at something and say what you think it means, extremely weak |
|
|
Term
| For the Rimm report was the lay term and what was the legal term? |
|
Definition
| Lay was porn, legal was obscenity |
|
|
Term
| What was the miller test? What was the problem with it? |
|
Definition
| It tried to operationalize the terms used to judge the Rimm Report. Problem was its operationalization brought in more terms that weren't defined themselves. It was still subjective. |
|
|
Term
| What was the carnegie-mellon study of iron on the web which was on the TIME cover in July of 1995? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the problems with the Rimm Report? |
|
Definition
| Said it was a team of coders, was just one guy. Only looked at adult BBS, only looked at sites from his school looked at by undergrads but he generalized it to the entire adult population on the web, published in non reviewed law journal. Didn't look at previous lit, driven by political agenda, lacks objectivity. |
|
|
Term
| What are McMillan's 5 major issues when examining web content? |
|
Definition
1) How to identify the units
2) How to college data for cross coder tests
3) Ho to solve copy right issues
4) How to standardize units of analysis
5) How to check intercoder reliability |
|
|
Term
| When is intercoder reliability generally checked? |
|
Definition
| Before the study begins or if the coders need "recalibrating" in the middle |
|
|
Term
| What are the strengths of Content Analysis? |
|
Definition
Cheap and fast,
Allows for the correction of errors,
Permits the study of processes occurring over time,
Research has little if any effects on subjects,
Reliability is high (due to intercoder reliability checks) |
|
|
Term
| What are the weaknesses of content analysis? |
|
Definition
Limited to recorded communications,
Validity is low |
|
|
Term
| The numerical representation and manipulation of observations for the purpose of describing and explaining the phenomena that those observations reflect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Method in which each indicator is given a numbered question IE age (1=1, 2=2...), sex (female=1, male=2), Political Affliction (Dem=1, Repub=2, Indep=3), Region of birth (N=1, W=2, E=3, S=4) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organization level which tells simple things such as gender, hair color, ethnicity, etc. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organizational level which tells things that have order, such as conservatism, SES, etc. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organizational level which tells things that have order and and interval, i.e. temperature (F), IQ score, etc. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organizational level which tells things that have order and interval and an absolute zero, i.e. temperature (K), age, GPA, etc. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What research method do you develop code categories for? What aids you in this? |
|
Definition
Quantitative Analysis,
A Codebook |
|
|
Term
Variable is the ________
Attributes are the _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "One Variable"; can't test hypothesis but can give a descriptive picture, i.e. gender. Include descriptive stats and frequencies of a single variable, providing a general picture of data but don't determine its significance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three central tendencies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The distribution of values around some central value such as an average |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A measure of dispersion around the mean (neg is to left, pos is to right on normal curve) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A variable whose attributes form a steady progression such as age or income. Has three categories: ordinal, interval, and ratio |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a variable whose attributes are separate from one another such as gender or political affiliation- has two categories, dichotomous (i.e. gender), or categorical (i.e. political affiliation). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two categories of a discrete variable? |
|
Definition
| Dichotomous and Categorical |
|
|
Term
| What are the three categories of the continuous variable? |
|
Definition
| ordinal, interval, and ratio |
|
|
Term
| What research method looks at Distributions, Central Tendencies, Dispersion, Continuous Variables, Discrete Variables, Subgroup Comparisons, P-value, all statistical tests and different variates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Description of subset cases, subjects, or respondents i.e. 15 subjects male, 30 female. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A type of category created for a specific purpose and engulfing other categories for the sake of comparison, i.e. West=1, Non-west=2 |
|
Definition
| Collapsing Response Category |
|
|
Term
| The term used for dealing with missing data or outliers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of variables can we collapse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After collapsing, report ________ for both collapsed and uncollapsed forms of variables. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After collapsing a variable and describing it in both a univariate and collapsed variate manner, what statistics can we use it in? |
|
Definition
| bivariate and multivariate |
|
|
Term
| "2 Variables"; Pearson Correlation is a method used with this; tests the relationship between two variables and determines the stat significance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "3 or more variables"; Regression, ANOVA, etc.; stat tests of relationships, determine stat significance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What example did we study over Univariate Stats? |
|
Definition
| Knowledge about China in 8 questions |
|
|
Term
| How can the univariate china study be made bivariate or multivariate? |
|
Definition
| Look at peolpes knowledge about china in 8 questions, but also look at their education level, and then their income level, are they in a club etc.and compare |
|
|
Term
| What is the tested prediction that leads our research? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The prediction made that leads our research project. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why must we test the null hypothesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the null hypothesis is _________, then the hypothesis is true. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Measure of how certain we are that we can reject the null hypothesis. Probability ranging from 0 to 1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _______ the p-value, the greater the significance because the more strongly a test rejects the null hypothesis (and supports the hypothesis). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three most commonly reported P-values? Which is most significant? |
|
Definition
0.001 (most significant)
0.01
0.05 (least significant that is allowed) |
|
|
Term
| P-value must be _____ than 0.05 to be significant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Is research with a P-value of 0.03 significant?
What about 0.06? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the marijuana example, a negative for perceived meant the candidate was _______ likely to use. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Statistical computations describing either the characteristics of a sample or the relationship among variables in a sample. Measures association |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The body of statistical computations relevant to making inferences from findings based on sample observations to some larger population. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the context of statistical significance, the degree of likelihood that an observed empirical relationship could be attributed to sampling error. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the types of inferential statistics? |
|
Definition
| Chi Square, T-test, ANOVA, and Regression |
|
|
Term
| Stats normally used in content analysis to indicate whether a nominal variable is present or not; tests categorical nominal variables; lets us compare two nominal categorical variables |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Measure for judging the stat sig of differences in 2 groups means. Most common for experimental data. Assess whether a continuous outcome variable varies between 2 groups (i.e. control vs treatment). Examines differences in continuous variable by a nominal variable w/ just 2 response categories. Can be dichotomous or categorical. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A form of stat analysis that seeks the equation for the straight line that best describes the relationship between 2 cont. variables (average between 2 variables)- Used for surveys |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A form of stat analysis that seeks the equation representing the impact two or more independent variables on a single dependent variable- Used for surveys |
|
Definition
| Multiple Regression Analysis |
|
|
Term
| What stat analysis test is used for content analysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stat analysis test is used for experiments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stat analysis test is used for surveys? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What tests series of regression models simultaneously? |
|
Definition
| A Structural Equation Model |
|
|
Term
| What stat tool lets us test a series of multiple recession models at the same time? |
|
Definition
| Structural Equation Modeling |
|
|
Term
| What allows us to test XY and XZ at the same time? |
|
Definition
| Structural Equation Modeling |
|
|
Term
| concept in mind measured with a set of items; used for surveys or experiments; "Cluster"- do they cluster together or into diff groups? Clusters make up composite measure which is then used to measure the overall target variable. (Think of Aggie spirit model example) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What topics are appropriate for qualitative field research? |
|
Definition
| Topics that defy simple qualification, attitudes and behaviors best understood in their natural setting, social processes over time, elements of social life |
|
|
Term
| What elements of social life are appropriate for qualitative field research? |
|
Definition
| Practices, Social roles, Groups and Cliques, Subcultures and Lifestyles, Encounters |
|
|
Term
| Qualitative research has high __________ as long as there is no Hawthorne Effect. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of research always asks open ended questions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some special considerations in qualitative field research? |
|
Definition
| Roles of the observer, relations to subjects |
|
|
Term
| What are the three roles of the observer? |
|
Definition
| Participant, Researcher, Observer |
|
|
Term
| The problem of social research in which subjects potentially react to being studied thus altering their behavior from its originality. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the possible relations to subjects? |
|
Definition
| Objectivity, alien/martian, reflexivity |
|
|
Term
| The researcher being aware of his or her effect on the process and outcomes of research |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is this list? :
Naturalism, Ethnomethodology, Case Studies, Institutional Enthography, Participatory Action Research, Grounded Theory |
|
Definition
| Some Qualitative Field Research Paradigms |
|
|
Term
| Where did Beaudoin serve in the Peace Corps? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Often used with inductive research to move through to building theory; has the guidelines to think conservatively, obtain multiple viewpoints, periodically step back, maintain an attitude of skepticism, and follow the research procedures. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ways can a qualitative field researcher prepare for the field? |
|
Definition
| Be familiar with relevant research, discuss plans with others in the area, identify and meet informants when appropriate (1st impressions important, establish rapport), consider ethics |
|
|
Term
| An ethnology example in which it was discussed for perspective changes on different sides of the bus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Field Research is more __________ than quantitative analysis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the goal of ethnography? |
|
Definition
| Richness in detail, depth in understanding |
|
|
Term
| Is ethnography research generalizable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An ethnology example in which anthropologists in Africa found it difficult to acclimate and immerse, and were trying to see how people thought and if it made sense in terms of rational vs irrational behavior. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ethnography example in which inuits were studied and brought back to NY (for display in the smithsonian) at which a fake burial was held in central park; overstepped ethical boundaries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the seven steps in complete qualitative field research interviewing? |
|
Definition
| Thematizing, Designing, Interviewing, Transcribing, Analyzing, Verifying, and Reporting |
|
|
Term
| Qualitative Data is ______ because it is unconstrained, unrefined, and undefined. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You _______ generalize qualitative data to a non representative population. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Qualitative date, you often see ________ between moderators and subjects. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Subjective groups used for qualitative field research in which a moderator may occasionally intervene to keep conversation going and to get more research. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the advantages of focus groups? |
|
Definition
| real life data, flexible, high degree of face validity, fast, inexpensive |
|
|
Term
| What are the disadvantages of focus groups? |
|
Definition
| not representative, little interviewer control, difficult analysis, interviewer/moderator skills, difficult logistically |
|
|
Term
| When recording observations, field researchers must take ______notes that balance with their observations, ________ the notes with observations soon after the observations are made (fill with details), and record ________. |
|
Definition
detailed
rewrite
everything |
|
|
Term
| Qualitative Field research is very _______ intensive. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the strengths of qualitative field research? |
|
Definition
| Effective for studying subtle nuances in attitudes and behaviors and social processes over time, have flexibility, is inexpensive, has higher validity than survey and experiment |
|
|
Term
| What are the weaknesses of qualitative field research? |
|
Definition
| No appropriate statistical analysis, potential problems with reliability |
|
|
Term
| What research method has the highest validity? |
|
Definition
| Qualitative Field Research |
|
|
Term
| What research method has the highest reliability? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is Qualitative field research high in validity but low in reliability? |
|
Definition
| High in validity because detail rich account from people, but low reliability because people telling it might not be reliable |
|
|
Term
| What example of Mixed method research (qual and quant) did we cover in class that Beaudoin was actively involved in? |
|
Definition
| Information Distribution and health information distribution after Hurricane Katrina |
|
|
Term
| The non-numerical examination and interpretation of observations for the purpose of discovery unlearning meaning and patterns of relationships |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In qualitative analysis, frequencies, magnitudes, structures, processes, causes, consequences |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An inductive approach to research in which theories are generated solely from an examination of data rather than being derived deductively |
|
Definition
| Grounded Theory Method (GTM) |
|
|
Term
| A component of the Grounded Theory Method in which observations are compared w/ one another and w/ evolving inductive theory. Has four stages: Comparing, Integrating, Delimiting, and Writing. |
|
Definition
| Constant Comparative Method |
|
|
Term
| What are the four stages of the Constant Comparative Method (Glaser and Strauss)? |
|
Definition
1. Comparing incident application to each category
2. Integrating categories and their properties
3. Delimiting the theory
4. Writing theory |
|
|
Term
| A meticulous analysis of the details of conversation based on complete transcript that includes pauses, hems, and haws. Has 3 Fundamental Assumptions. i.e. study on why tone matters even if the words are the same |
|
Definition
| Conversation Analysis (CA) |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 Fundamental Assumptions of Conversation Analysis? |
|
Definition
1. Conversation in a socially constructed activity
2. Conversations must be understood contextually
3. Conversational analysis aims to understand the structure and meaning of conversation through excruciatingly accurate transcripts of conversations. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two ways to Process Qualitative Data? |
|
Definition
| QDA Programs, Coding (make it quantitative) |
|
|
Term
| Qualitative research has higher ________ and lower ________ |
|
Definition
higher validity
lower reliability |
|
|
Term
| When writing social research, the researcher must do a _______ __ ___ _______. They must determine key words, conduct a search, read journals and books, use some websites, and search the web. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When _______ ________ ________, the researcher must keep in mind the theoretical orientation, research design, measurements, sampling, experiments, survey questions, field research, content analysis, Existing stats, comparative and historical research, evaluation research, data analysis, and reporting. |
|
Definition
| evaluating research reports |
|
|
Term
| What are the general guidelines for a social research report? |
|
Definition
| Proper grammar, use a syle guide |
|
|
Term
| What are the basic considerations when writing a social research report? |
|
Definition
| Audience, Form and Length of the Report, Aim of Report |
|
|
Term
| What is the typical organization of a social research report? |
|
Definition
| First is purpose and overview in the intro, then a review of the literature, then the study design and execution in methods, next the analysis and interpretation in results, followed by a summary and conclusions in the discussion |
|
|
Term
| Where does a researcher explain what their findings mean, say why they did or did not support their hypothesis, and admit possible problems in the study? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When reporting the analysis, what guidelines must be followed? |
|
Definition
| Provide max data without clutter, present data to be recomputed, describe all aspects, integrate supporting details, draw explicit conclusions, and point out qualifications |
|
|
Term
| What % of comm research is from the US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ are best for seeing cause and effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ are best for generalizing to large populations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ are best for discovering attitudes and behaviors as well as for observing social interactions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ is best for when you want to know the who, the how, the what. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What survey is only one point in time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What method should be used for generalizing one point in time to a large population? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What survey is a bunch of cross sectionals and is used to see some type of people? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What method should be used for generalizing a type of people across time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What survey makes inferences at causation and follows the same exact people? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What method should be used for generalizing to a large population and making inferences at causation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What survey gives a clear description of a group (i.e. a&m freshman) over time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What method should be used to generalize a large population that belong to a specific group over time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describes in %, examples are mean median and mode, frequency distribution, standard deviation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can generalize, example is regressive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Responses spread up and down the mean. Standard Deviation is a type of this. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Specific test for stat between 2 means common in experiments. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Test that lets us compare the mean of 2 or more groups i.e. a 2x2 group experiment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Statistical test and will have a p-value used in bivariate analysis, compares two variables |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inductive approach in which an observer sees patterns and is generally used in qualitative methods . |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Follows pearson correlation, tests different to one (model) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Takes average line (flat= no, big= relationship) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cross tabulation, ie gender of characters, etc. Test at the nominal and categorical levels and uses in content analysis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| idea that we take responses to survey questions and quantify them. The code book helps us w/ this. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of questions are harder to quantify? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Theory --> Set of expectations --> look for support or non support |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Observation --> Common Patterns --> Theory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Surveys are high in _________ but low in __________ |
|
Definition
high in reliability
low in validity |
|
|
Term
| A researcher wants to derive rich qualitative data with high validity, what should he use? |
|
Definition
| Qualitative field research |
|
|
Term
| What two stat tests are used in experiments? For 2? For multiple? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Qualitative field research is low on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a researcher wants to maximize validity what method should they use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a researcher wants to test American smoking for over three years what should they use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When studying characteristics of the news what method should be used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the strengths of the Rimm Report |
|
Definition
|
|
