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| black and white thinking, things are as we believe them to be |
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| accepts diversity, there is a single reality and people have different perspectives of that reality |
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reality is created through given points of view.
New way of thinking
ex: desk is made of atoms |
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| it is observable, you can see it |
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| process of comparing data gathered in different ways |
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CH 2
Formate for Quantitative
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| title, byline, abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, references |
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CH 2
Formate for Qualitative
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CH 2
Cross sectional study
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| at a single point in time |
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| longitudinal study, changes within the general population |
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CH 2
Panel study
or
Cohort study
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Changes in a specific subpopulation
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who you are going to study
ex: individuals, social groups, social organizations, social artifacts |
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forwards a prediction about a given phenomenon
is a statement with a period.
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| a world view, different viewpoints, explanations, and understandings |
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cause and effect, people in white lab coats, objective reality, awaiting discoveries through valid methods
IV influences DV |
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| organization. view things as organisms, "communication is a system, a group of interdependent and interrelated parts that function as an organized whole |
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CH 3
Interpretive Paradigm
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| focus on meanings and relationships, reality is socially driven |
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| focus on power, ideology, social change and critical reflection |
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logical groupings of attributes
ex: variable of gender are masculine and feminine |
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CH 3
mixed method research
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using multiple methods
creates a more comprehensive study of a phenomenon
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moves from specific to general
(interpretive people) |
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starts with a pattern and moves to an observation.
general to specific |
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direction of variables are the same.
can go up or down |
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| direction of variables is inverse |
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CH 4
Hypothesis relationship
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| when a direction is predicted the hypothesis is one tailed, if there is no direction the hypothesis is non-directional and two tailed |
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| clarifies the measurements of a variable |
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| suggests that there is no relationship among the variables being studied |
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| to ensure that participation is voluntary and participants are aware of potential risks |
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Definition
Institutional Review Board
an agency that reviews all research proposals to be sure they are ethical. to ensure human participants face minimal risks during research studies |
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Definition
| when the researcher, not just the reader, cannot link a given response to a given participant. anonymous, no idea who did it. |
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| when the researcher can identify a given person's responses but promises not to publicly. |
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CH 5
voluntary participations
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| no one should be forced to participate, always notify that participation is voluntary |
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| the theft of another persons words and/or ideas |
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CH 5
Migram's Study of Obediance
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Definition
"teacher" was told to shock the "learner" when they got a question wrong. Told to continue shocking after the "learner" was kicking and screaming for mercy.
UNETHICAL, psychologically damaging to "teacher" |
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Term
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Definition
process of coming to an agreement on terms associated with individual mental conceptions
(continuing process) |
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Definition
| the result of conceptualization |
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| a specific aspect or facet of a concept |
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| points to the presence or absence of a concept |
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| define range of variation of interest, decide the degree of extremes |
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CH 6
Levels of measurement
Nominal
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| only have characteristics of exhaustiveness and mutual exclusiveness, naming groups |
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CH 6
Levels of measurement
Ordinal |
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Definition
can logically rank-order
ranked by numbers |
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CH 6
Levels of measurement
Interval |
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Definition
| actual distance between attributes, intervals between each number are the same |
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CH 6
Levels of measurement
Ratio |
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Definition
based on a true zero point
most specific |
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CH 6
measurement reliability |
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Definition
| a matter of whether a particular technique, applied repeatedly to the same object, would yield the same result |
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CH 6
Measurement validity
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Definition
| does the measure puport what is is intended to |
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CH 6
inter-code reliability
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Definition
To guard against interviewer unreliability, the researcher can call a subsample of respondents and verify information collected.
researchers assess the inter- coder agreement by assessing the degree to which the independent observers agree.
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CH 7
Probability Sampling |
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Definition
| random. works to avoid bids |
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CH 7
Non Probability Sampling |
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Definition
| Non random, when we cannot select the kinds of probability samples used in large scale surveys |
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CH 7
Convenience Sampling
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Definition
relies on available participants
(non probability) |
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Definition
non probability sampling
you are looking for that particular group |
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Definition
non probability sampling
find samples through references |
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Definition
Non probability
units are selected into the sample on the basis of prespecified characteristics so that the total will have the same distribution characteristics assumed to exist in the population being studied. |
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Definition
non probability
a multistage sample selected in accord with probability theory, typically involving some random selection mechanism |
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Definition
| drawing random numbers, set sampling frame, assign and draw numbers in a computer |
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CH 7
probability sampling theory |
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Definition
indicated that certain proportions of the sample estimates will fall within specified increments from the population parameters
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Definition
| the list of sampling units from which the sample or some stage of the sample is selected |
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Definition
theoretically specified aggregation of study element
where you get the sample from |
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Definition
| list of elements from which the random sample is selected |
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Term
CH 7
Simple random sampling |
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Definition
drawing random numbers,
the basic sampling method |
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Definition
| drawing numbers every 5th, 7th, 10th number etc. |
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Definition
the grouping of units composing a population into homogeneous group before sampling
modification of simple and systematic sampling |
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Definition
| allow responders interpretation |
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Term
CH 8
Close ended questions |
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Definition
allow no interpretation
yes or no |
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Definition
| ask multiple times in different ways |
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Term
CH 8
contingency questions |
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Definition
| checking qualifications before continuing, responses determine what questions will be asked next |
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Definition
| to get more complete answers, asked to solicit a more complete answer |
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Term
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Definition
the number of people participating in a survey divided by the number selected in the sample.
A high response rate suggests a low chance of problems with a biased sample. A low response rate suggests that non-respondents are likely to differ from the respondents in other ways rather than their willingness to participate |
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CH 8
Issues relative online |
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Definition
| there are technical limitations, but a major weakness is the difficulty in ensuring that respondents to an online survey will be representative of the general population. |
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Term
Ch 8
face to face interview |
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Definition
| not cheap, slower compared to other surveys, interviewers also risk dangers in high crime areas. |
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Term
Ch 8
self administered surveys |
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Definition
| respondents can lie, they can skip questions, and have a lower completion rate. |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of research in which data is collected by one researcher and then reanalyzed often for a different purpose by another researcher |
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Term
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Definition
variations on the questionnaire item which contains response categories of "strongly agree, agree, disagree and strongly disagree"
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CH 8
Semantic differential index |
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Definition
| asks respondents to choose between two opposite positions. |
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Term
CH 9
Problems relative to the researcher |
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Definition
-Experimenter Effect: Experimenter or researcher treats participants differently
-Observer Bias: Researchers knowledge of the subject causes them to evaluate with bias
-Researcher Attribute Effect: When a characteristic/feature of the researcher/confederate affects participants’ responses |
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Term
CH 9
Problems relative to the subjects |
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Definition
-Hawthorne Effect: When participants’ responses are influenced because they are aware of being observed
-Testing effect: Process of measuring influences participants’ behavior
-Maturation: People are continually growing/changing, which can affect results
-Experimental Mortality: Participants drop out of experiments
-Selection Bias: When participants decide for themselves which experimental group they want to be in
-Inter subject Bias: When participants influence other participants
-Compensatory Rivalry: When participants in the control group work harder to make up for the difference
-Demoralization: When participants in control group give up out of lack of stimuli |
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Term
CH 9
Problems relative to the procedure
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Definition
-History: Outside current events that could influence participants/effects
-Instrumentation: When the measuring instrument changes
-Treatment Confound: Sometimes more than one IV is influencing the DV but they are only looking at one IV
-Statistical Regression: When people have extreme scores the first time, they tend to have less extreme scores the second time being tested
-Compensation: Often the control group is compensated for being deprived of the treatment |
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Term
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Definition
Independent Variable=Cause
Dependent variable=effect |
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Term
CH 9
Pre-experimental design |
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Definition
Experimentation that lacks random assignment to experimental and control groups
-One-Shot Case Study: A Single group of participants is measured on dependent variable following the administration of some experimental stimulus
-One-Group Pretest-posttest design: Participants are measured in terms of a dependent variable (pre-tested), exposed to a stimulus representing an independent variable, and then re-measure in terms of the dependent variable
-Static-group comparison: one of the groups is exposed to the independent variable, and other group is not exposed to it |
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Term
CH 9
Quasi-experimental design |
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Definition
use when random assignment is not possible. The experimental group is compared to itself at a different point in time or to a matched comparison group
-Time-series Design: studies of processes occurring over time
-Nonequivalent Control Group Design: Create a comparison group that is as similar as it can be to the experimental or treatment group, only it is not exposed to the independent variable
-Multiple Time Series Design: (last two put together) collecting time series data on two or more matched comparison groups |
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Term
CH 9
True-Experimental Design |
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Definition
Randomly assigning participants to experimental groups and control groups
-Random assignment
-Double Blind: Participants and anyone in contact with the participants don’t know which group is which
-Solomon 4-group design |
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Term
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Definition
| In experimentation, the researcher should check to determine whether the intended IV was manipulated appropriately |
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Term
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Definition
| how independent variables function in combination |
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CH 9
Field experiment vs lab experiment |
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Definition
| field is where you go out in the field and do you research lab is where you observe things from afar and do not get involved. |
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Term
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Definition
Characterized by its research purpose rather than a specific research method; the purpose is to evaluate the effect of social interventions or new innovations
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Definition
A document that describes the locations of variables and lists the code assignments to the attributes composing those variables
-Primary guide in coding process
-Helps locate variables and interpret codes in your data file during analysis |
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Definition
checking for data-entry errors and eliminating them
-Possible-code cleaning: checking for errors in data entry
-Contingency cleaning: the answer could be an error contingent upon the question
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Term
CH 11
a frequency distribution |
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Definition
| A summary of the frequencies with which each reported value appeared in the sample |
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Term
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Definition
-Positively Skewed Distribution: Positive (highest) numbers appear less frequently than normal
-Negatively skewed distribution: Negative (lower) numbers appear less frequently |
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Definition
| Height of a curve’s middle peak |
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The dispersion of a data set around the mean score. If the distribution is a normal curve, the known percentages of scores can be found within one, two, and three standard deviations about and below the mean. A higher standard deviation means that the data is more dispersed; a lower standard deviation means that they are more bunched together.
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Definition
| A standard score, indicating the location of a score in terms of the number of standard deviations from the sample mean. How many standard deviations above/below the mean a score is. |
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Definition
rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true
Type 1 and type 2 errors- are inversely related to each other. The more stringent your significance level the lower your risk of a type 1 error but the higher your risk of making a type 2 error, all other things being equal. |
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Term
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Definition
happenes when you decide not to reject the null hypothesis when it is in fact false.
Type 1 and type 2 errors- are inversely related to each other. The more stringent your significance level the lower your risk of a type 1 error but the higher your risk of making a type 2 error, all other things being equal. |
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Term
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Definition
| (Frequencies) both IV and DV are measured nominally |
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Term
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Definition
| This is used when comparing 2 means on a continuous dependent variable. 1 IV with 2 groups (2 means) |
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Definition
- (analysis of variacnce): One way anova- one IV with more then 2 nominal groups for that IV. DV is continuous.
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Definition
| a journal that field scientist use during their study to write down their feelings, reactions and interactions with research subjects |
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CH 13
varied ways of triangulating participation observation data |
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Definition
refers to the use of multiple kinds of data and/or multiple methods in studying a given phenomenon. It can involve the use of multiple and different sources of data. Triangulation can also involve the use of multiple and different methods of research. It can involve the use of multiple researchers, and it can involve the use of multiple theoretical perspectives.
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