Term
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Definition
Is made up of 2 or more people
Is a Goal-driven entity
Has a Need for Coordination
Is Structured
Is Environmentally Embedded |
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Term
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Definition
dynamic
comprised of changing groups of people
joint constructions |
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Term
| organizational communication |
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Definition
| The exchange of oral, nonverbal, and written messages within (and across the boundaries of) a system of interrelated and interdependent people working to accomplish common tasks and goals. |
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Term
| scientific management perspective of organizational communication |
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Definition
How is organization structured/designed?
How can workers be trained for max. efficiency?
How does the chain of command work?
How is labor divided? |
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Term
| human behavior perspective of organizational communication |
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Definition
How are members influenced?
What motivates workers?
How does motivation affect organization? |
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Term
| human behavior perspective of organizational communication |
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Definition
How are members influenced?
What motivates workers?
How does motivation affect organization? |
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Term
| integrated perspective of organizational communication |
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Definition
How does the organization function in its environment?
Combination of the Scientific Management and Human Behavior perspectives |
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Term
| "machine" metaphor explains how organizations function |
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Definition
Specialization – every part has a specific function
“DIVISION OF LABOR”
Standardization and Replaceability – because the work is standardized, the worker is easily replaced. |
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Term
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Definition
Aims to improve organizations from the top down, by enhancing the effectiveness of administrative employees.
Authority should emphasize depersonalization and task competence |
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Term
| Hawthorne Effect (Elton Mayo) |
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Definition
Designed to improve physical working env.
Output increased regardless of variables
Implications:
Attention encourages group norm
Interaction and morale increases productivity |
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Term
| Theory X (Douglas McGregor) |
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Definition
Dislike work
Prefer direction, avoids responsibility
Not concerned with organizational needs
Must be threatened with punishment
Neither intelligent nor creative |
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Term
| Participative Management (Rensis Likert) |
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Definition
Employee-centered
Effectively functioning groups
Groups linked together throughout org.
Overlapping individual membership among groups |
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Term
| Participative Management Characteristics (Rensis Likert) |
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Definition
Communication flows all directions
Peer-group is desired
Decision-making at every level
Supportive climate
Promotes creativity |
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Term
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Definition
| People, technologies, and environments integrate to influence goal-directed behavior |
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Term
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Definition
No specific set of prescriptions is best for all organizations
Three interfaces:
Organization-to-environment
Group-to-group
Individual-to-organization |
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Term
| Systems Theory (Katz and Kahn) |
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Definition
Organization is made up of subsystems to best utilize:
Inputs - materials and resources
Throughputs - processing of materials/resources
Outputs - finished products to environment
Cybernetics - self-corrective mechanism |
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Term
| 5 Subsystems of Systems Theory |
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Definition
Productive - Accomplish work
Supportive - Develop relationships; provide materials
Maintenance - Integrate people into roles
Adaptive - Provide change
Managerial - Coordination of subsystems |
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Term
| traditional view of culture (layers) |
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Definition
Artifacts
Values
Deep assumptions |
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Term
| communicative view of culture |
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Definition
| Systems of shared meanings constituted by and revealed through communication. |
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Term
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Definition
| a social group within a national culture that has distinctive patterns of behavior and beliefs |
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Term
| how to be an ethnographer |
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Definition
Immerse in culture for long period of time.
Examine the culture as a participant-observer.
Provide thick, rich descriptions highlighting metaphors, stories, and rituals. |
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Term
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Definition
| attempts by organization members to change the individual |
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Term
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Definition
| attempts by the individual to change the organization |
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Term
| 4 Phases of Socialization |
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Definition
1. Anticipatory Socialization
+Vocational Anticipatory Socialization
+Organizational Anticipatory Socialization
2. Encounter
3. Metamorphosis
4. Exit |
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Term
| Uncertainty Reduction Theory |
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Definition
People are motivated to reduce uncertainty in order to predict and explain their lives and the behavior of others
increased knowledge of what kind of person another is provides improved forecast of how a future interaction will turn out |
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Term
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Definition
| self-evident truth that requires no additional proof |
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Term
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Definition
| proposition that logically and necessarily follows from two axioms |
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Term
| 4 Reasons for Low Motivation to Reduce Uncertainty |
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Definition
Do not experience uncertainty
Have high tolerance for uncertainty (made that way)
Create tolerance for uncertainty (cognitively)
Create certainty (minimal info seeking; causal attributions) |
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Term
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Definition
| process about the topic of politics that involves people exchanging symbolic meaning within a context, expecting and receiving responses, and utilizing one or more media |
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Term
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Definition
Core of democracy: allow us to actively participate in selecting our leaders.
Determine how our own interests can be served
Provide legitimacy to govern |
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Term
| changes in political campaigns |
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Definition
1. Decline of influence of political parties
Today, primaries select more delegates than caucuses
Transferred power from party officials to citizens who vote in state primaries.
2. Finance Reform
Set limits on individual contributions
Campaigns have still become more expensive
3. Political Action Committees (PAC)
Single-issue groups
Lobby politicians
Corporations, unions, other groups – create PAC—can contribute “soft money” to campaigns (bypass the individual limits noted above)
4. Technology
Campaigns affected by the new technology
Media consultants |
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Term
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Definition
| Private events run by political parties |
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Term
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Definition
| Run by state and local governments |
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Term
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Definition
Regulated donations from individuals and political action committees.
used to elect candidates |
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Term
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Definition
Funds spent by organizations (corporations, trade unions) that are not contributed directly to a candidate’s campaign—no limits.
used to support issues. |
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Term
| Political Action Committee |
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Definition
| Private group that receives contributions or makes expenditures in excess of $1000 for the purpose of influencing a federal election. |
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Term
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Definition
| includes political activism organized through blogs and other online media, including social network services. |
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Term
| assumptions of functional theory |
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Definition
1. Voting is a comparative act.
2. Candidates must distinguish themselves from opponents.
3. Political campaign messages allow candidates to distinguish themselves.
4. Candidates establish preferability by acclaiming, attacking, an defending.
5. Campaign discourse occurs on two topics: policy and character.
6. A candidate must win a majority (or plurality) of the votes cast in an election. |
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Term
| predictions of functional theory |
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Definition
1. Candidates will use acclaims more frequently than attacks.
2. Political candidates will use attacks more frequently than defenses.
3. Policy comments will be more frequent than character comments in presidential campaign discourse.
4. General goals will be used more often to acclaim than to attack.
5. Ideals will be used more often to acclaim than to attack.
6. General goals will be used more frequently than future plans. |
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Term
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Definition
| “What an informed person in society should / needs to know in order to make wise decisions . . . Government activities, positions of candidates, how policies and government decisions affect our lives, problems we should be concerned about and how to deal with those problems.” |
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Term
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Definition
| “Information that is ‘immediate’ and ‘emotional’ . . . to grab our attention . . . Little social significance beyond drama or sensational images to stir emotions or to entertain.” |
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Term
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Definition
| A process by which a message is transmitted via some form, or medium |
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Term
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Definition
| Generally one-way, from one or a few to many, anonymous, audiences have little opportunity for feedback (that reaches the sender). |
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Term
| characteristics of mass communication |
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Definition
Large scale distribution and reception
One-directional flow
Asymmetrical relation
Impersonal and anonymous
Calculative or market relationship
Standardized content |
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Term
| characteristics of the mass audience |
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Definition
Large numbers
Widely dispersed
Non-interactive and anonymous
Heterogeneous
Typically not organized or self-acting
An object of management or manipulation |
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Term
| Hypodermic Needle or Magic Bullet Theory |
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Definition
“Strong media effects” theory of comm that emerged during 1940s and 1950s as radio and TV quickly became popular
Claimed that mass media had a direct, immediate, and powerful effect on its audiences
Based on the emergence of advertising and propaganda, the Payne Fund studies of the 1930s, and Hitler's monopolization of the mass media during WWII |
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Term
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Definition
Katz and Lazarsfeld’s research questioned powerful media effects
Claimed that information flows from the mass comm to opinion leaders who then transmit to less active members of the population
Led to “Limited Media Effects” era |
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Term
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Definition
Analog media: media analogous to the sound it was recording
Originally: audio recording
Now: non-digitized media (print, audio, video, photography, and film) |
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Term
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Definition
| media that have been created in or transformed into computer-readable form |
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Term
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Definition
World Wide Web makes everyone a potential publisher.
Easy and cheap to create, reproduce, and distribute |
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Term
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Definition
Erosion of privacy.
Uneven access to the Internet among groups.
Easy access to objectionable material.
Susceptibility to crimes such as identity theft |
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Term
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Definition
| The coming together of the fields of computing, telecommunications, and media in a digital environment |
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Term
| 4 implications of convergence |
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Definition
1. communication content is becoming more fluid, dynamic, rapid, and global
2. the audience is more active in media production and distribution
3. communication organizations (companies are consolidating)
4. communication professionals (distinction between journalists and audience is fuzzy) |
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Term
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Definition
| heavy television viewing creates an exaggerated belief in a mean and scary world |
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Term
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Definition
| Reliving experience of real-life violence |
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Term
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Definition
| attitudes one can express without running the danger of isolating oneself |
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Term
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Definition
| increasing pressure people feel to conceal their views when they think they are in the minority |
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Term
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Definition
| sixth sense that tallies up information about what society in general is thinking and feeling |
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Term
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Definition
| people’s mistaken idea that everyone thinks like they do |
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Term
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Definition
| question used to determine whether people are willing to speak out in support of their viewpoint |
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Term
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Definition
| people who have already been rejected for their beliefs and have nothing to lose by speaking out |
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Term
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Definition
| intellectuals, artists, and reformers in isolated minority who speak out because they are convinced they are ahead of the times |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to a variety of ways that the mass media influence/affect/change the way audiences think, feel, behave … whether intended or not |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| attitudinal media effects |
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Definition
| change in attitude, values, opinion |
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Term
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Definition
| change in physical arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| change in knowledge, thinking, or perception of reality |
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Term
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Definition
When a person is uncertain about an attribute, he/she will examine others as sources of comparison.
Sources of comparison can be “real” or “mediated.”
Media offer many sources for comparison! |
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Term
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Definition
Comparison target superior
Negatively influences self-esteem |
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Term
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Definition
Comparison target inferior
Positively influences self-esteem |
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Term
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Definition
The term was extracted from Greek mythology which depicted Adonis as half man and half god who was considered the ultimate in masculine beauty. Adonis' body, according to sixteenth-century perspectives, was representative of the ultimate in male physique. According to mythology so beautiful was his body that he won the love of Aphrodite, queen of all gods.
The development of the "Adonis Complex" shows that men are being targeted as vigorously as women have been for decades creating destructive obsessional disturbances concerning their own bodies. Men's body image concerns range from minor annoyances to serious and sometimes even life-threatening obsessions. They can present as manageable dissatisfaction at one end of the spectrum to extreme psychiatric body image disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
a person’s body, body parts, or sexual functions are separated out from his or her person,
reduced to the status of mere instruments,
or regarded is if they were capable of representing him or her |
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Term
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Definition
Tendency to perceive and describe one’s body according to how it appears rather than what it can do.
A propensity to adopt an observer’s perspective on the self.
An awareness of the body as it appears to others. |
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Term
| self-objectification as a trait |
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Definition
relatively stable personality disposition …
Can be “cultivated” by media. |
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Term
| self-objectification as a state |
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Definition
short-term, immediate, situation-specific …
Can be temporarily activated by media. |
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Term
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Definition
According to the theory, the media play a central role in conveying gender-typed body ideals and thus socialize women (and men, but predominately women) to “self-objectify,” which is the tendency to perceive and describe one’s body according to how it appears rather than what it can do. It is a propensity to adopt an observer’s perspective on the self. SO is a state of awareness of the body as it appears to others. For people who exhibit the trait of SO, the observer’s perspective on the self is chronically accessible. Also possible to temporarily activate a state level of SO, though not the goal of this project.
SO in and of itself is not negatively valenced or necessarily harmful. Not like body dissatisfaction or other dysphoria variables. However, SO does have costs. It leads to other negative outcomes like body shame and body anxiety.
In turn, these emotional consequences of SO can impact three mental health risks: depression, eating disorders, and sexual dysfunction. The focus for this project is sexual dysfunction.
It is estimated that some form of female sexual dysfunction affects about 40% of women in the U.S.
The explanation for this based on OT is that women’s self-consciousness about their bodies consumes mental energy, leaving fewer mental resources for concentrating on other activities, such as sex. In other words, internalizing an observer’s perspective on the self cognitively removes you from the sexual experience so that you are likely to experience negative feelings about one’s sexuality. So, according to the theory, SO and subsequent body emotions can lead to a constellation of sexual dysfunction variables, such as reduced sexual interest, increased self-consciousness about the body during physical intimacy, and decreased sexual esteem.
Theory particularly relevant to women: physical attractiveness is more important to success (a “currency”) for women than for men. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Uncertainty Reduction Theory |
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Definition
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Term
| Motivation to Reduce Uncertainty and 7 Axioms |
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Definition
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