Term
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Definition
The process of transferring or transmitting a message to a large group of people. |
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Term
| 4 Functions of Mass Media |
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Definition
Surveillance
Correlation
Cultural Transmission
Entertainment |
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Term
| 6 Dimensions of Media Effects |
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Definition
Cognitive-affective-behavioral
Micro- vs. macro level
Intentional vs. unintentional
Content-dependent vs. content-irrelevant
Short-term vs. long-term
Reinforcement vs. change |
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Term
| Examples of Each 6 Media Effects |
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Definition
cognitive - mental activity
affect - feelings, emotions, moods
behavior
micro - individual, interpersonal, family
macro - group, organizational, societal
intentional - voting, purchasing, donating blood
unintentional - aggression, sleep deprivation
content-dependent - research
content-irrelevant - media presentations (cuts, angles, shots)
short-term - arousal, valence, agenda-setting
long-term - cultivation, knowledge gap, socialization
reinforcement - stabilization
change - agenda-setting, persuasion
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Term
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Definition
The psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning. Mental activity about an environment.
Term for feelings, emotions, moods.
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Term
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Definition
General statements that summarize our understandings of the way the world works |
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Term
| What functions does a theory serve? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
A structure of symbols and operating rules which is supposed to match a set of relevant points in an existing structure or process.
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Term
| Lasswell's Model of Communication |
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Definition
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Term
| Shannon-Weaver's Model of Communication |
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Definition
| The information source produces a message (words, music, pics, etc.) to be communicated. The transmitter converts the message to a signal suitable for the channel to be used. The channel is the medium that transmits the signal from the transmitter to the receiver. |
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Term
| Elements and Definitions of S-W's Model |
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Definition
Information Source = Brain
Transmitter = Voice Mechanism
Channel = Air
Receiver = Inverse Operation of Transmitter
Destination = Person/Thing for Whom the Message is Intended |
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Term
| 4 Models of Media Effects |
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Definition
Direct Effects
Conditional Effects
Cumulative Effects
Cognitive-Transactional Model |
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Term
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Definition
"media content."
Immediate, Uniform, Consistent, Observable
No Audience Role
Effects: change, cog-affect-behavior
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which we interpret sensory data |
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Term
What affects our perception?
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Definition
Sensory data is received through out 5 senses.
2 types of influences: Structural (from physical aspects) and Functional (psychological factors that influence perception).
Affected by cultural expectations, motivation, mood, attitude.
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Term
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Definition
A mental structure that represents knowledge about a concept.
Contains the attributes of the concept and the conections among concepts. |
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Term
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Definition
Role schemas
Personal schemas
Self-schemas
Group schemas
Event schemas (scripts) |
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Term
| Link Schema to Media Affects |
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Definition
Controlled processing - Media effects are influenced by the goals of the individual and schemas he/she chooses. Effects are likely to cognitive conscious, and long term
Automatic processing - Activate certain schemas through priming. Cognitive, affective and short-term |
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Term
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Definition
On television/movies
In product packaging/displays
In self-help products |
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Term
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Definition
| Selecting details that are favorable or unfavorable to the subject being described. |
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Term
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Definition
| Selecting some aspects of a perceived reality and making them more salient in a communicating text |
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Term
| Typical Media Frames do 4 Things... |
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Definition
Define problems
Diagnose causes
Make moral judgment
Suggest remedies |
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Term
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Definition
Frames are content attributes.
Create accessibility bias through placement, repetition, association, omissions
Content analysis |
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Term
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Definition
Focuses on single event/instance. Doesn't give background information on the subject. Receiver of frame assumes the individual is responsible.
Ex: story on health care: viewer would believe that a person who gets sick but does not have health insurance was being irresponsible, when in fact there may have been other factors at play that the individual cannot control. |
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Term
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Definition
Coverage puts issue in a general context while providing a lot of background information. Receivers assume society is at fault for all problems. Ex: health care: viewers think society is at fault for everyone who does not possess health insurance, when in fact in some cases people are irresponsible |
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Term
| Role that Audience Frame Plays |
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Definition
Media frames influence the salience of the issue. However, they may not have universal effect on all. They may have common effect on large portions of the receiving audience |
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Term
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Definition
Use of communication to propagate specific beliefs and expectations |
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Term
| Major Propaganda Devices/Techniques |
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Definition
Name Calling - "This Land"
Glittering Generality - McDonalds
Transfer - Admiration by Association
Testimonial
Plain Folks
Card Stacking - Apple vs Window
Bandwagon - Coca Cola |
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Term
| Effects Propaganda has on People |
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Definition
Possibly rather than constantly effective
(depends on individuals and setting) |
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Term
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Definition
(Magic) Bullet theory or stimulus-response theory
Implied mass media had a direct, immediate and powerful effect on its audiences
Powerful media effects theory
Example: H.G. Wells' War of the Worlds radio broadcast
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Term
| Why is Consistency Important |
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Definition
Consistency leads to predictability
Humans strive for consistency
Rationalization
Inconsistency - Generates psychological tension or discomfort within human beings. Pressure to eliminate or reduce inconsistency |
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Term
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Definition
Theory about attitude change
P, O and X relationships
Unbalanced state creates tension and is unstable |
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Term
| Cognitive Dissonance Theory |
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Definition
An uncomfortable feeling caused by holding two contradictory ideas simultaneously or by discord between behavior and belief. |
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Term
| 4 Ways to Reduce Dissonance |
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Definition
1. Reduce the importance of the dissonant beliefs
2. Add more consonant beliefs to outweigh the dissonant ones
3. Change the dissonant beliefs
4. Avoidance |
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Term
| How is Cognitive Dissonance applied to the Media? |
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Definition
| ex: buying a car. One ad shows the benefits of the car while another ad highlights the downsides of the car. |
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Term
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Definition
Dissonance after making a difficult decision
Ex. Buyer’s remorse
Factors that increase dissonance: Importance of decision, Difficulty of decision, Irreversibility of decision |
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Term
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Definition
Counterattitudinal action, freely choose with little incentive or justification, leads to a change in attitude
Ex. Would I lie to you?
Factors that increase dissonance: Inconsistency of action and attitudes, Lack of incentive/reward, Free choice (personal responsibility) |
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Term
| Attitude and what is consists of |
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Definition
Evaluations toward things
3 Components: Cognitive, Affective, Behavioral |
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Term
| When is a one-sided message most effective? |
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Definition
People already have a favorable opinion toward the issue
Less educated people |
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Term
| When is a two-sided message most effective? |
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Definition
when there is refutation
People with higher education
People are critical, skeptical or unfriendly |
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Term
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Definition
| A statistically significant increase in opinion change for a group exposed to a low-credibility source |
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Term
| How does fear appeal work/how much does it work? |
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Definition
Fear Appeal threatens or arouses some fear in the audience.
Minimal-fear appeal is effective while strong-fear appeal is highly ineffective. |
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Term
| Elaboration Likelihood Model |
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Definition
| Model of persuasion that that acknowledges 2 different means of processing messages |
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Term
| 2 Routes of Elaboration Likelihood Model |
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Definition
Central Route - involved when receiver actively processes the information and is persuaded by the rationality of the arguments.
Peripheral Route - involved when receiver does not expend the cognitive energy to evaluate the arguments and process the information in the message and is guided more by peripheral cues (source credibility, style and format, mood of receiver, etc.) |
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Term
| Variables that affect the routes of the ELM |
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Definition
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Term
| Factors that determine which route will be taken in the ELM |
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Definition
| The receiver's motivation to engage in elaboration or his or her ability to engage in elaboration. |
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Term
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Definition
Refers to primarily to journalism, which provides information about the processes, issues, events, and other developments in society. |
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Term
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Definition
The ways in which media interpret events and issues and ascribe meanings that help individuals understand their roles within the larger society and culture |
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Term
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Definition
| The transference of the dominant culture, as well as its subcultures, from one generation to the next or to immigrants, which helps people learn how to fit into society. |
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Term
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Definition
Children vs Adults, Structural and Content features, Orienting Response, Emotional Response. Female voices; music, camera angles. Arousal and Realism
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Term
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Definition
Limited effect era
Powerful audience: selectivity and social influence.
No uniform effects (conditional on audience)
no guaranteed effects
Individual level
Cognitive - Affective - Behavioral
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Term
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Definition
Repetitive exposure to similar content across channels
Reality construction effects
Cognitive and affective; behavior is not a direct effect
Long-term effects |
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Term
| Variables of Cumulative Effects |
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Definition
Content is the key
Consonance of media content
Not applicable to one-shot media messages |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The uncertainty or disorganization of a situation |
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Term
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Definition
| The portion of the message that's determined by the rules governing the symbols or that is not determined by the free choice of the sender |
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Term
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Definition
| Anything added to the signal not intended by the information source |
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Term
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Definition
| The information a channel can transmit or a channel's ability to transmit what is produced out of a source of information |
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Term
| Variables of Conditional Model |
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Definition
3 Kinds of Audience: Social Categories, Social Relationships, Individual Differences
Classes either a) act as a barrier to media effects or b) act as lens to enhance the likelihood of media effects |
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Term
| Cognitive-Transactional Model |
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Definition
Drawn from Cognitive Psychology
Applies schematic processing (controlled and automatic processing) to media context |
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Term
| Variables of the Cognitive-Transactional Model |
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Definition
Media-Content
Audience Variables |
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Term
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Definition
| Engaging perceptual concepts that influence the way we behave |
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