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| Who do many of Plato's dialogue feature? |
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| Many of his dialogues feature a character called "Socrates," but there is debate over whether or not Plato copied down actual debates involving Socrates or whether Plato's words were put into Socrates' mouth for dramatic effect. |
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| How should we think about rhetoric and teachers of rhetoric? What is the essence of this thing called "rhetoric"? |
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There are two forms of persuasion, one that Gorgias (supposedly) endorses and one that Socrates endorses.
Type 1: Gorgias believes that rhetoric is powerful because:
it persuades to belief rather than knowledge.
Type 2: Socrates accuses Gorgias of using rhetoric to manipulate others, in violation of the Truth: Persuasion to true knowledge. |
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| What is Plato's solution? |
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The only good rhetoric (according to Socrates/Plato) is one that is based upon Truth and has no other goal in mind except for to lead others to the Truth:
Rhetoric is a neutral tool, which can be used to make good decisions. |
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| Prior to becoming a professor, Augustine was a Professor of Rhetoric: |
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| Augustine's "problem" is similar to Plato's "problem" because both want to know what kind of rhetoric should be used to speak Truth: |
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| Christians do not learn rhetoric. |
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| Augustine's solution can be described as: |
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| Those who know God's Truth should learn rhetoric by watching others who are skilled at rhetoric and combine God's Truth with rhetoric. |
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| Aristotle is similar to Plato because both think that rhetoric should be based on (t)ruth. |
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| Theorists have forced a binary between philosophy and sophistry. |
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| We have not correctly and thoroughly studied rhetoric. |
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| A correct and thorough study of rhetoric as the counterpart to dialectic. |
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| Jurgen Habermas is best known for his contributions to public sphere theory. |
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| Both the sophistic and the platonic positions are wrong. |
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| A number of issues, all having to do with a misunderstanding of reason and communication. |
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| His theory of communicative action, which sounds a lot like Aristotle. |
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| Nietzche's view of rhetoric is most directly opposed to those in the category: |
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| Rhetoric as (T)ruth- Plato |
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| We think that we know (T)ruth. |
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| We delude ourselves into believing we know (T)ruth. |
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| Recognize that we are all lying liars, who lie according to the rules of the herd. |
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| Thomas Kuhn believes that all Truths are only True within their particular paradigm: |
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| We do not understand the role of persuasion in creating scientific Truth. |
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| We have not examined the assumptions of logical positivism. |
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| Recognize that all science is conducted within specific paradigms. |
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| Francis Bacon asks us to uncover Truth/truth/tRuth rather than discover Truth/truth/tRuth: |
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| Rhetoric and philosophy are not science. |
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| Rhetoric and philosophy merely tell us what we already know. |
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| Learn rhetoric role in tRUTH and use the scientific method. |
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| Rene Descartes' reaction to scholasticism was similar to Aristotle's reaction to Scholasticism: |
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| How do we know what we think we know. |
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| We have failed to question previous Truths and perceptions. |
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| The Cartesian Method, which is summarized by the word "doubt". |
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| Kant did not believe that he lived in an Age of Enlightenment: |
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| We are not yet enlightened, even though we live in an Age of Enlightenment. |
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| Immaturity, i.e., blindly following authority and tradition. |
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| The world is unfolding towards perfect freedom and rationality. |
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| Hegel called his view of world history a grand narrative: |
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| We do not understand the role of REASON in history. |
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| Historians have misled us with their a priori narratives. |
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| His view of World History as the unfolding of Spirit towards Freedom. |
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| Isocrates would probably agree more with Aristotle about rhetoric than Plato about rhetoric: |
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| Sophits undervalue their skills and philosophers ask foolish questions and do not add to the common good |
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| We do not understand rhetoric’s proper purpose |
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| Rhetorical training can improve our civic life |
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| Arendt's theory of rhetoric embraces those who believe that rhetoric should be used for spreading tRUTH: |
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| Speech has lost its power and we rigidly separate philosophy from rhetoric. |
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| A return to Ancient Greece, which allows us to re-think political life as action. |
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