Term
Intercultural Comm (Howie):
mono- vs. poly-chronistic cultures |
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Definition
mono-chronistic = the west - we handle things one by one, ex lines
poly-chronistic = handling multiple things at one time
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Term
Intercultural Comm (Howie):
Chronemics |
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Definition
| time is different based on cultures - in the west, we structure our days based on time; for dinner, different cultures would show up at different times |
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Term
Intercultural Comm (Howie):
Differences in intercultural comm (with different cultures) |
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Definition
Time orientation (mono v. poly-chronic cultures)
Chronemics
Politeness
Interpersonal distances |
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Term
Intercultural Comm (Howie):
Dimensions of Intercultural Comm |
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Definition
Individualism vs. collectivism
Low context vs. high context
Intergroup biases |
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Term
Intercultural Comm (Howie):
individualism vs. collectivism |
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Definition
individualism: emphasizes individual over group
collectivism: emphasizes group over individual |
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Term
Intercultural Comm (Howie):
low vs. high context |
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Definition
low context: directly focused on verbal in a conversation
high context: ex in Japan. lots of attention paid to contextual movements like body language and other nonverbal cues |
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Term
Intercultural Comm (Howie):
intergroup biases |
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Definition
perceptual - you'll hear and see via social schemas
attributional - you'll explain via social schemas
"behavioral affirmation" - you'll shape others behaviors to you via schemas
subtyping and discounting |
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Term
Intercultural Comm (Howie):
solutions |
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Definition
| make people more aware of their perceptual and historical biases toward outgroup members. |
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Term
Intercultural Comm:
Dimensions of culture |
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Definition
Uncertainty avoidance
power distance
feminine vs. masculine cultures
time orientation |
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Term
Intercultural Comm:
uncertainty avoidance |
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Definition
| all cultures, to some degree, adapt their behavior in order to reduce uncertainty and risk |
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Term
Intercultural Comm:
power distance |
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Definition
| the way that a culture accepts and expects the division of power among individuals |
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Term
Intercultural Comm:
feminine vs. masculine culture |
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Definition
feminine "nurtuing culture"
masculine "achievement culture" |
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Term
Intercultural Comm:
social identity |
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Definition
| social identity theory: you have a personal identity - your individual personality - and a social identity - part of your self-concept taht comes from your group membership |
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Term
Intercultural Comm:
intercultural challenges |
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Definition
anxiety
ethnocentrism - you see other cultures through the lens of your own and feel yours is superior
discrimination - behavior towards a person or group based solely on their membership in a group/class/category |
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Term
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Definition
who/what is delivering message?
credibility - something that makes them believable; expertise and trustworthiness
similarity
likability
physical attractiveness |
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Term
Public comm:
message characteristics/strategies |
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Definition
use of evidence - supporting audiences
one- or two- sided arguments
positive or negative emotional appeals
use of narrative
appeals to broad cultural values/myths |
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Term
Public comm:
one- vs. two- sided arguments |
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Definition
One-sided is better if audience is already leaning towards you, not a lot of controversy, and is not familiar with topic.
two-sided is better if audience is not leaning towards you, controversial, they are familiar with subject |
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Term
Public comm:
audience factors |
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Definition
must understand your audience - demographics and psychographics
Attitude-behavior link -- do attitudes predict behavior? sometimes yes, sometimes no |
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Term
Public comm:
delivery issues |
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Definition
| Sleeper effect - messages from low-credibility source has effect on you over time |
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Term
Public comm:
audience analysis |
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Definition
| when giving a speech you should analyze your audience beforehand - either in demographics or with the purpose in mind |
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Term
Small group comm:
Types of groups |
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Definition
intimate/social
task-oriented
primary group
social group
support group
focus group
problem-solving group |
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Term
small group comm:
task-oriented group |
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Definition
| formal decision-making, problem-solving discussion group |
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Term
Small group comm:
social facilitation vs. loafing |
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Definition
social facilitation - we spur each other on
loafing - as a group you do less work than as an individual |
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Term
Small group comm:
group size |
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Definition
in larger groups a few people tend to dominate talk, more time is needed for decisions, subgroups form
The smaller the group, the higher the level of productivity
Optimal group size is 5-7 |
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Term
Small group comm:
group cohesiveness |
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Definition
how close, connected, mutually liked are group members
AS it increases, there is a positive linear relationship - the higher the participation, the higher the cohesiveness |
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Term
Small group comm:
good vs. bad leadership |
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Definition
| effectiveness depends on leader's ability to know group needs and adapt style |
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Term
Small group comm:
aspects of leadership to adapt |
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Definition
task orientation - amount of attn to group tasks
relationship orientation - amount of attn to group member relationships |
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Term
Small group comm:
Steps of group development |
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Definition
Forming - members decide whos in charge and goals
Storming - conflict over issues ex whos in charge
Norming - norms arise
Performing - members combine their skills and knowledge to work toward group goals
Adjouring - when task comes to end |
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Term
Small group comm:
Networks |
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Definition
| patterns of interaction governing who speaks with whom in a group |
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Term
Small group comm:
Types of networks |
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Definition
Chain network - info passed from one memnber to another rather than shared with everyone
All-channel network - all members are an equal distance from each other and intearct with each other ex round table meeting
Wheel network - one individual acts as touchstone for all others in the group |
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Term
Small group comm:
types of roles |
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Definition
Task roles - things that need to be done to accomplish group goals
Social roles - roles that evolve to reflect individual members' personal interests
Antigroup roles - create problems because they serve only individual needs
Role conflict - arises in a group whenever expectations for a member's behavior are incompatible |
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Term
Small group comm:
Groupthink |
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Definition
| situation in which group members strive to maintain cohesiveness and minimize conflict by refusing to critically examine ideas, analyze proposals, or test solutions |
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Term
Org Comm:
Flow of messages |
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Definition
Upward comm
Downward comm
Informal comm: the "social grapevine" |
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Term
Org Comm:
Upward and Downward Distortion |
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Definition
upward distortion - how do subordinates deliver messages? it is condensed, simplified, synthesized, standardized, idealized
downward distortion - how do bosses communicate? selective; selective exposure/attention/retention/action |
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Term
Org Comm:
organizational culture |
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Definition
| an org's unique set of beliefs, values, norms, and ways of doing things |
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Term
Org comm:
organizational story telling |
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Definition
| the comm of the company's values thru stories and accounts both externally (to an outside audience) and internally |
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Term
Org comm:
organizational assimilation |
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Definition
| new members learn the way of the org and decide if they fit in |
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Term
Org comm:
Approaches to org |
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Definition
Classical management approach
Human relations approach
Human resources approach
Systems approach |
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Term
Org Comm:
Classical management approach |
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Definition
| likens organizations to machines; favors hierarchy, division of labor (each prat of an org has a designated task) |
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Term
Org Comm:
human relations approach |
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Definition
| considers the human need of organizational members |
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Term
Org Comm:
human resources approach
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Definition
| takes things one step further from human relations approach by considering organizational productivity from the workers perspective and considers them assets |
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Term
Org Comm:
systems approach |
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Definition
| views org as a unique whole made up of important members who have interdependent relationships in their particular environment; features oppenness (awareness of the org's flaws) |
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Term
Org Comm:
Org Relationships |
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Definition
Mentor-protege relationship - respected member of org who serves as a role model for a less experienced individual
Peer relationships - comm between individuals at the same level of authority in an org |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which a particular channel is communicative |
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Term
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Definition
| growing interdependence and connectivity of societies and economies around the world |
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Term
Mass comm:
government regulation of mass comm |
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Definition
in the US, influence on content is very limited
movie ratings
first amendment protects free speech |
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Term
Mass comm:
technology influence on media content |
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Definition
recording and time-shifting ability - VCR, DVR, streaming
image quality and extra features - HDTV, DVD extras
increased interactivity
--- all of which increase audience participation and selectivity |
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Term
Mass comm:
Economic influences on media content |
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Definition
mass media messages are expensive to make and deliver.
high failure rate.
need "hits" - big audiences to make $
Competition for audiences leads to both "stupid" and "smart" TV
Very little risk-taking - do not want people offended
Repeat what works - sequels, remakes, spin-offs, etc. |
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Term
Mass comm:
Major research trends |
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Definition
All-powerful view 1920s-40s
Limited effects 1940s-present
Powerful (but subtle) views |
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Term
Mass comm:
major research trend - All-powerful view |
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Definition
| media acts as "magic bullet", effects are direct, immediate, and uniform - now a long gone viewpoint |
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Term
Mass comm:
major research trend - limited effects |
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Definition
| 1940s-present. Not everyone is affected and not in the same way; audience is active and has selective exposure and attention to choose/interpret media to fit/reinforce existing attitudes. they use media to serve needs. |
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Term
Mass comm:
major research trend - powerful (but subtle) effects |
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Definition
Social learning/social cognitive theory - learn behavior by watching models ex on TV
Cultivation theory - heavy TV leads to belief that match the "TV reality" ex violence and scary world
Priming of thoughts or mental scripts - media messages bring to mind thoughts/emotions we then act upon |
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Term
Mass comm:
media convergence |
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Definition
| merging of traditional mass comm with digital computing and telecommunication technologies |
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Term
Mass comm:
two main sources of mass comm revenue |
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Definition
| advertisements and consumer purchases |
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Term
Mass comm:
keys to mass media success |
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Definition
big box office and high ratings.
Exponentiality - relatively few items bring most of the income, while the rest bring in a little |
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Term
Mass comm:
narrowcasting/niche marketing |
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Definition
| targeting smaller, specific audiences |
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Term
Mass comm:
3rd person effect |
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Definition
| tendency we have to assume that negative media message and bias have a much greater influence on others than on ourselves or people we think are like us; can lead to censorship |
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Term
Mass comm:
agenda setting |
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Definition
| idea that extensive media coverage of a particular issue will "set the agenda" for what issues people are thinking and talking about |
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Term
Mass comm:
implications of new technology |
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Definition
| individuals online can compete with traditional media and can build social capital (valuable resources that come form having connections and relationships among people) |
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Term
Mass comm:
media literacy |
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Definition
| the way to avoid or counteract negative media affects - you develop an understanding of your own media habits and critically evaluating and analyzing media sources and messages |
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Term
Online Comm:
Issues for interpersonal |
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Definition
Lack of nonverbal comm - less immediacy, but to compensate we use ALL CAPS, colors, emoticons, etc.
Online comm can even be "hyperpersonal" |
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Term
Online comm:
Issues for groups |
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Definition
sense of anonymity and community - exchange of info and support.
"netiquette" - brief messages valued; no sales or spam
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Term
Online comm:
Issues for mass comm |
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Definition
Narrowcasting v. broadcasting - trend towards narrowcasting on cable and satellite; more selectively targeting audiences
Democratizing technology - anyone can use the internet because there are no real skills needed
Connects marginalized voices - groups where there are not a lot of them and news that mainstream media avoids
"2nd opinions" on info
INDIVIDUALS have voices.
Third parties and movements (we wouldn't know about them without the Internet) |
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Term
Online comm:
Media convergence issues |
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Definition
Digital Divide - there is still a digital divide between the haves and have-nots in terms of reguar access to internet
Information Overload - the difficulty in sorting through and making sense of vast amounts of info |
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