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| The study of humans in all times and places; a holistic, comparative, and fieldwork-based discipline, anthropology seeks to understand differences and to discover similarities in human behavior. |
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| Characterized by gathering and comparing information from many cultures, times, and places, often in an effort to discover possible underlying similarities and differences |
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| the idea that differences exist among cultural systems, that different cultural systems can make as much sense as your own, and that it is possible to learn to understand different cultural systems. |
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Not understanding different cultural systems on their own terms:
a. using your own cultural systems to interpret other cultural systems
b. believing that your own cultural system makes more sense than any other (this part of the definition is looked upon as extremely negative by anthropologists) |
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| Gathering info. by living in another culture and learning the language from its speakers, adapting and adjusting your frames of reference so that you can understand another culture and language as an “insider” |
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Training in the four fields of study:
1. Archaeology (historical anthro)
2. Physical (biological)
3. Cultural
4. Linguistic |
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| the ways that we see, interpret, and understand the world around us. |
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| Characterized by seeing the whole picture, with getting the broadest view possible; refers to the utilization of all 4 field traditions. |
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| the study of language from a structural point of view, without much attention to cultural contexts or language use; it is focused, specific, and intuitive. |
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| the belief that reality is constructed by subjective perception and predictions cannot be made. |
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| How many countries and different languages in the world? |
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| 195 countries and 6000 languages |
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| 1:1:1 relationship between what? |
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| Culture, Language, Geographic region |
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| Video on Hawaiian Language…once the language is lost, so is the culture. English took precedence over the Hawaiian language. The reason stemmed from power, dominance, and politics from the English language |
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| Video on the Cree…once language and culture are understood by children, then these ideas can be passed on to future generations. There was also a revitalization in the Hawaiian culture. This revitalization, regardless of culture, was dependent on the older people in a certain culture to be able to communicate their cultural knowledge to young members of the culture. |
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| Goes beyond analyzing structure and patterns of language. It examines the contexts and situations in which language is used. It seeks to understand “the crucial role played by language in constitution of society”, the importance of language in understanding culture and society, and the relevance of cultural and social phenomena in understanding language |
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| 4 parts to Linguistic Anthro |
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| Identity, socialization, lang ideologies, social space |
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| speaking a certain language can be associated with one identity; the language is “indexical” to that given identity |
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| the process by which infants, children, and outsiders become members of the community by learning to participate in its culture |
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| shared bodies of commonsense notions about nature of language in the world; “code-switching”…ex. Mixing a few English words into a convo. of a foreign language. |
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| how close you are to someone or how you respond to that person based on the context and situation you are in. |
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| Theoretical Linguistics vs. Linguistic Anthro |
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| Theoretical linguistics looks at the structure of language without regards to the cultural context of language. Linguistic anthro goes beyond analyzing the structure to examine the contexts and situations in which language is used. |
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| Looks at structure of language w/o regard to cultural context |
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| goes beyond analyzing the structure to examine the contexts and situations in which language is used. |
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| Franz Boas: Relation of language, race, culture vs. Dominant thinking of his Day: |
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| The dominant thinking of his day was that by classifying languages into groups they would also be classifying the people who spoke those languages into similar groups; culture were classified in terms of language. Boas felt it was not a 1:1:1 ratio between language, race, and culture. He argued that language played an important role in culture. He felt previous fieldwork was faulty and the only way to fully understand a culture was to live with them for an extended period. To get a full understanding of language you must study it in its cultural context. |
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| Be aware of your potential impact to your hosts and be as respectful as possible to their concerns. Copies and tapes of the interviews with people should be shown to them in order for them to check the accuracy of the information. |
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“model of mental map of their world”
-language seen as key to the underlying structure of culture) |
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| Examples of Categorization System |
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| dandelions as salad item; tray as table; cassowary not bird but related to humans (walks on two legs) [different cultural logics] |
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semantic domains and categorization systems
a. - study of how categorization and context of words and groups of words reflected the ways that different cultures categorize words into speech and assign meaning to their language.
b. Can give excellent insight into another culture or subculture and can help in learning another language or culture. |
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a. Differently structured from one another and somewhat arbitrary systems
b. Evidence of strong cultural influence on lexical content
c. Vocabulary of a language likely reflects important everyday distinctions in a cultural group.
d. Specificity of vocab reflects different cultural emphases=”native categories” |
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a. Research method used to gather empirical data on human societies and cultures through participant observation, interviews, and questionnaires.
b. Language seen as a way to discover how members of a culture view and organize the world around them |
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| Mental Map (ethnoscientific Model) |
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a. Ex; depiction of all the words for plants, including the way each word related to each other word.
b. Indigenous scientific categorization system of a certain thing in a culture |
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| Another term for mental map? |
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a. Uses a grid to help you explore how a set of things are related to one another.
b. Analyzing the grid will help make connections, make predictions, and master concepts. |
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a. Language is a framing device (enabling and constraining); helps us organize and frame our experience of the world
b. Also restricts us as we view the world through frames:
i. Founding fathers vs. founding mothers (metaphorical frame of family)
ii. Tax relief vs. community support
iii. Looting vs. finding |
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| Language affects or determines abilities in perceptions, thinking, talking about the world. |
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a. Languages are differently structured, arbitrary systems
b. users of markedly different grammars are pointed by their grammars toward different types of observations and different evaluations of externally similar acts of observation, and hence are not equivalent as observers but must arrive at somewhat different views of the world.
i. Strong claim of grammatical thought shaping thought/culture |
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| Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (weak vs. strong) |
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a. Strong Whorf- languages determines thought
i. Language as a prison (Agar)
b. Weak Whorf- language influences thought
i. Language as a room- free to come and go (Agar) |
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| Weak Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis |
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| Language influences thought (language as a prison) AGAR |
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| Strong Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis |
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| Languages determines thought (Language as a room- free to come and go) - AGAR |
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a. specific place that shares a set of meanings, or a language that holds its meaning, within the given context of the place.
b. Specific area of cultural emphasis |
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a. Categories very complicated
i. Categories should be graded: some members more central
ii. Use central prototypes as cognitive reference points
iii. Much of our experience is categorized in terms of prototypes (best examples) of things and comparing other things to these prototypes |
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a. The practice and science of classification
i. Order and arrangement |
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| The study of langauge sounds |
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acoustic phonetics
auditory phonetics
articulatory phonetics |
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| studies the physical properties of sounds and the nature of sound waves that they produce |
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| how speech sounds are produced |
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| the identification and description of language sounds; Sound |
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| analysis of the way sounds are arranged in languages; Meaning |
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| sound on a phonetic chart |
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| sound that functions to distinguish one word from another |
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| International Phonetic Alphabet |
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| a system of phonetic transcription |
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| chart that shows all the sounds of a language |
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| shows just the distinctive sounds(phonemes) of a language |
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| location of vocal chords, which modify air, creating sound waves |
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| Within the Larynx; muscles inside the larynx that can be opened or closed to modify air stream on its way out of the lungs |
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| produced with vocal cords close together and vibrating |
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| produced with vocal cords opened and relaxed |
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| sound with audible constriction in the air flow |
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| sound with minimal constriction in the air flow |
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| where air is modified in speech |
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| how air is modified in speech |
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| a pair of words in which a difference in sound makes a difference in meaning |
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| a member of a group of sounds that together form a single phoneme |
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| Complementary distribution |
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| a pattern in which different variants (or allophones) of a phoneme are distributed between complementary(differing) word environments (same as conditioned variation) |
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| an additional modification that can be applied to basic consonants and vowels of a language |
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| letting a sound travel through the nasal cavity instead of the mouth |
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| holding a sound for a long period of time |
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| relative height of a sound on a scale of notes from low to high |
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| level of cultural analysis that focuses on objectively identifiable, externally observable units of culture |
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| a level of cultural analysis that focuses on subjectively relevant, internally verifiable units of culture. |
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| 2. Glocalization refers to the idea of thinking globally and acting locally. By rapping, the samoan artist is acting in a global way of singing and by using his samoan language, he is acting locally. Also hybridity refers to the theory that traces of other cultures exist in every culture. |
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| The analysis of words and how they are structured |
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| The smallest meaningful units in language |
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o Respect+ful, dis+respect+ful, fire+fight+er
o Words can include one or more morphemes |
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| Form Foundations of words |
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| o A root serves as an underlying foundation that can’t be broken down any further. (ex; fish) |
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o A stem is derived from the roots by means of affixes
• Fish+ing=fishing, talk+er=talker |
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Attaches to a base and adds grammatical information
–er, -ing |
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o Prefix: im+possible, un+likely
o Suffix: walk+ing
o Infix- fan+bloody+tastic, far+f’in+out
o Circumfixes- m+loz+i (fisherman)
o Reduplication- mpole+mpole (very slow)
o Interweaving- k+i+t+aa+b (book) |
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o Prefix: im+possible, un+likely
o Suffix: walk+ing
o Infix- fan+bloody+tastic, far+f’in+out
o Circumfixes- m+loz+i (fisherman)
o Reduplication- mpole+mpole (very slow)
o Interweaving- k+i+t+aa+b (book) |
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| shows relationships among words in a group (tenses, comparisons, persons, number) |
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changes one kind of word into another
o Creates new words; ie verbs into nouns (read to reader) and adjectives into verbs (modern to modernize) |
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| variant forms of a single morpheme: cats, dogs, horses |
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how words combine into phrases and sentences
o Finding and testing substitution frames |
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| Descriptive vs. prescriptive grammar |
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prescriptive- provides a model for proper speech
o used by school teachers today
- descriptive- describes a language structure on its own terms
o used by Boas and anthropologists, 1900s |
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- Generates all possible sentences of a language
• Noam Chomsky, 1950s |
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| in most languages number, definitiveness or indefinitiveness of noun, time are obligatory caregories |
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