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Comm 110
Exam #2
79
Communication
Undergraduate 1
03/05/2012

Additional Communication Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Hurier Model
Definition

Hearing

understanding

remebering

interpreting

evaluating

responding

Term
types of listening
Definition

informational listening

critical listening

empathic listening

inspirational listening

appreciatve listening

Term
noise
Definition
anything that distracts you from listening to what you wish to listen to.
Term
pseudo-listening
Definition
you use feedback behaviors taht make it seem as though you're paying attention, even though your mind is elsewhere.
Term
selective attention
Definition
listening only to what you want to hear and ignoring the rest.
Term
information overload
Definition
the state of being overwhelmed by the huge amount of information one is required to take in every day.
Term
glazing over
Definition
daydreaming during the time we aren't actually listening.
Term
rebuttal tendency
Definition
is the propensity to debate a speaker's point and formulate one's reply while the person is still speaking. 
Term
competitive interrputing
Definition
the practice of interjecting oneself when other people are speaking in order to take control of the conversation. 
Term
denotative meaning
Definition
the literal meaning of a word.
Term
connotative meaning
Definition
the implications that a word suggests in addition to its literal meaning.
Term
euphemisms
Definition
a vaque, mild expression that symbolizes something more blunt or harsh.
Term
euphemism treadmill
Definition
over the course of time, a word that was originally adopted as a euphemism acquires all the negative connotations of its referent, and has to be replaced by a substitute. 
Term
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Definition

Benjamin Whorf & Edward Sapir

-their notion was that language influences the ways that memebers of a culture see the world-and that attitudes and behaviors of a culture's people are reflected in its language. 

Term
I language
Definition
Claims ownership of what a person is feeling of thinking. 
Term
phonological rule
Definition
deal with the correct pronunciation of a word, and they vary from language to language.
Term
syntatic rule
Definition
govern the ordering of words within phrases.
Term
semantic rule
Definition
have to do with the meaning of individual words.
Term
pragmatic rule
Definition
deal with implications or interpretations of statements. 
Term
Semantic triangle/triangle of meaning
Definition

In its three corners, the semantic triangle portrays three necessary elements for identifying the meaning in language.

-symbol

-referent

-reference

Term
the nature of language
Definition
as a structured system of symbols used for communication meaning. 
Term
slang
Definition
the use of informal and unconventional words that often are understood only by others in a particular group. 
Term
profanity
Definition
is a form of language that is considered vulagr, rude, or obscene in the context in which it was used.
Term
nonverbal communication
Definition
then as behaviors and characteristics that convey meaning without the use of words.
Term
Six characteristics of nonverbal communication
Definition

-nonverbal is present in most interpersonal conversations. 
-"   " often conveys more information than verbal communication.

-"   " is usually believed over verbal communication.

-"   " is the primary means of communication emotion.

-"   " meta-communicates. 

Term
redundancy
Definition
duplicates the verbal message.
Term
substitution
Definition
replaces the verbal message.
Term
complementing
Definition
enhances, elaborates, or clarifies.
Term
emphasis
Definition
adds intensity.
Term
contradiction
Definition
mismatch between verbal & nonverbal messages. 
Term
Gender differences in encoding nonverbal messages.
Definition
men and women encode messages differently with different meanings because of their genders. 
Term
gender differences in decoding nonverbal comm.
Definition
men and women decode messages differently and give them different meanings because of their gender beliefs or ideas. 
Term
gender differences in expressivity
Definition
men and women express themselves differently in most cases but in not all cases. 
Term
How is nonverbal comm. used to manage conversations?
Definition

-inviting conversations

-maintaining conversations

-encoding conversations

Term
inviting conversations
Definition
three nonverbal cues during interaction: personal space, physical appearance, and eye contact. 
Term
maintaining conversations
Definition
during conversation, you'll probably use gestures, eye contact, and tone of voice as "turn-taking signals". 
Term
encoding conversations
Definition
changes in eye behavior and posture are particularly common strategies for ending a conversation. 
Term
how is nonverbal communication used to express emotions? 
Definition
the fact that many nonverbal human behaviors communicate information about emotional state means that interpreting another person's emotions can give us important clues about how best to interact with that person.
Term
how is nonverbal comm. used to maintain relationships?
Definition

communication plays a central role in how most of us maintain our close relationships, and nonverbal behaviors are especially important for several key features of those relationships.

-attraction and affiliation

-power and dominance

-arousal and relaxation

Term
How is nonverbal comm. used to form impressions?
Definition
we pay attention to what individuals look and sound like and how they behave, and we use that information to form impressions about them.
Term
how is nonverbal comm. used to influence others?
Definition

nonverbal comm. can be persuasive when it is applied as part of several strategies...

-creating credibility

-promoting affiliation

Term
how is nonverbal communication used to conceal information?
Definition
people lie to avoid hurting themselves, such as concealing ,arital infidelity. often, however, people choose to be deceptive to avoid hurting others. 
Term
how does nonverbal comm. communicate attractiveness?
Definition

two properites that appear to be especially important in assessing attractiveness are...

-symmetry

-proportionality

Term
nonverbal channels
Definition
the ways we communicate with others nonverbally encompass almost all our senses.
Term
oculesics
Definition
the study of eye behavior, as a separate nonverbal channel.
Term
kinesics
Definition
the study of movement. gestures, body orientation, posture, emblems, illustrators, affect displays, regulators, and adaptors. 
Term
gesticulation
Definition
the use of and hand movements to communicate.
Term
emblems
Definition
are any gestures that have a direct verbal translation.
Term
illustrators
Definition
are gestures that go along with a verbal message to clarify. 
Term
affect displays
Definition
are gestures that go along with a verbal message to clarify.
Term
regulators
Definition
are gestures that control the flow of a conversation. 
Term
adaptors
Definition
are gestures that are used to satisfy some personal need, such as scratching an itch or picking lint off one's shirt. 
Term
haptics
Definition
is the study of how we use touch to communicate. affectionate, care-giving, power/control, aggressive touch, and ritualistic touch.
Term
how does haptic behavior show affection and care?
Definition
the use of haptics shows affection, which contributes to our physical and mental well-being. 
Term
ritualistic touch
Definition
touch that has meaning to it, such as part of a custom or a tradition. 
Term
vocalics
Definition
the characteristics of the voice. pitch, inflection, volume, rate, filler words, pronunciation, articulation, accent, and silence. 
Term
olfactics
Definition
is your sense of smell and operates subtly but powerfully to influence your reactions to others. 
Term
proxemics
Definition
explains that we each have preferred amount of personal space that we carry like an invisible bubble around use. 
Term
high/low contact cultures
Definition
high cultures touch each other significantly more than low contact cultures. 
Term
chronemics
Definition
is the way people use time.
Term
artifacts
Definition
are the objects and visual features within an environment that reflect who we are and what we like. 
Term
turn-taking signals
Definition
nonverbal signs that indicate when each person's speaking turns begin and end. 
Term
biological/instinctual view or emotional exp.
Definition
event->physiological response->emotion
Term
perceptual view or emotional exp.
Definition
event->cognitive interpretation->emotion->physiological response.
Term
social/cognitive labeling view
Definition
event->physiological response->cognitive interpretation->emotion.
Term
Ekman's 6 universal facial expressions
Definition
anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise.
Term
physiological emotions
Definition
emotions cause changes in physiological outcomes, such as blood pressure, breathing rate, and hormone levels.
Term
cognitive emotions
Definition
we cognitively label the physoilogical outcomes of emotion to identify a particualr emotional state.
Term
behavioral emotions
Definition
emotions have action tendencies that cause us to behave in particual ways.
Term
social & cultural nonverbal emotions
Definition
the emotions we experience and express are partially determined by the social and cultural messages and practices we have learned. 
Term
five emotional display rules
Definition
intensification, de-intensification, simulation, inhibition, & masking.
Term
Guerrero's 3 categories for emotion
Definition

-joyful/affectionate

-hostile

-sad/anxious

Term
alexithymia
Definition
a personality trait characterized by a relative inability to understand, process, and describe emotions. 
Term
difference btw emotion and mood?
Definition
moods and emotions are different experiences. wheras an emotion is a response to a specific event. mood is a feeling that has no specific identifiable cause.
Term
primary emotions
Definition
meaning they are distinct emotional experiences, not combinations of other emotions.
Term
secondary emotions
Definition
primary emotions can combine in various ways to produce secondary emotions (jealousy, anger, fear, and sadness).
Term
emotional contagion
Definition
emotions can be transferred from one person to another simply by proximity, even without conscious communication. 
Term
what emotions are the most contagious?
Definition
jealousy, enthusiasm, depression.
Term
emotional intelligence/competence
Definition
refers to a person's ability to "percieve and accurately express emotions, to use emotion to facilitate thought, to understand emotions and to manage emotions for emotional growth. 
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