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| An individual's code of behavior based on religious or philosophical principles. |
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| A rational way of deciding what is good for individuals or society. Provides standards for deciding between competing moral standards. |
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- Nicomachean Ethics
- GOLDEN MEAN: Ethical behavior comes from striking a balance between absence & excess. |
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| Kant's Categorical Imperative |
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The behavior defines what is moral:
- The duty to act in a way in which we would be willing to have everyone else act (principle of universality)
- You should act in a moral manner no matter what the cost. |
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- Utilitarianism
harm principle: a person has the right to act in any manner as long as it doesn't hurt anyone.
principle of utility: the greatest good for the great number. |
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- influenced by Kant.
- all people must be considered equally.
- Veil of ignorance
NOT utilitarianism |
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justice comes from making decisions that maximize liberty for all people & without consideration which outcome will give us personally the best outcome.
(John Rawls) |
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- first law: 1790. Protected for 14 years & could be renewed for an additional 14 years. Only protected U.S. authors.
- 1890s: copyright extended to international authors.
- Copyright Act of 1976: Copyrights would last for 50 yrs after the author's death. Expanded protections to new media.
-1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act: copyrights would last 70 yrs after author's death. |
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| Focused on point-to-point communication & who could use what part of the spectrum. |
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- Created the Federal Radio Commission
- Public interest |
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| Communications Act of 1934 |
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- Created the FCC.
regulate frequencies & power levels of broadcasts
public interest
airwaves are licensed -- not owned |
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FCC policy that requires broadcast stations to make equivalent amounts of broadcast time available to all candidates running for office.
exceptions -- documentary, bona fide news interview, scheduled newscast or an on-the-spot news event |
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A former FCC policy that required television stations to "Afford reasonable opportunity for the discussion of conflicting views on issues of public importance".
- Started in 1949
- 1985 study suggested the doctrine inhibited speech
- repealed in 1987 |
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| Telecommunications Act of 1996 |
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- V-CHIP: parents can regulate what their children watch.
- Loosening of rules on ownership. |
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| - laws that give journalists special protection from having to testify in court about their sources or stories. |
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| Alien & Sedition Acts of 1798 |
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- signed by President John Adams
- illegal to publish "False, scandalous, or malicious writings against the government of the U.S...."
- motivated by threats from France.
- expired in 1801. |
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- Crime to criticize the government, constitution, or military.
- 2,200 people prosecuted during WWI using sedition statutes. |
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Any paid form of non-personal communication about an organization, product, service, or idea by an identified sponsor.
Necessities:
- Consumer culture
- industrialization
- Shift from local to national products
- Transportation system |
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| Economy where there are as many or more goods available as people who want to or have the means to buy them. |
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| A word or phrase attached to prepackaged consumer goods so that they can be better promoted to the general public. |
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| Designed to promote a specific behavior. |
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| Designed to build an image of a product & increase demand w/o urging a specific action. |
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Designed to promote a particular point of view, rather than a product or service.
Can be sponsored by a government, corporation, trade association, or non profit organization. |
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| Public Service Advertising (PSAs) |
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| Designed to promote the messages of nonprofit organizations and government agencies. The Ad Council produces many of the PSAs. |
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| business-to-bussiness (trade) ads |
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| Advertising that promotes products & services directly to other businesses rather than to the general consumer market. |
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| Cost-per-thousand exposures to the target audience -- a figure used in media planning evaluation. |
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| Messages that are allegedly embedded so deeply in an ad that they cannot be perceived consciously. There is no evidence that subliminal advertising is effective. |
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- The leading advertising agent of the1860s and 70s
- The first agent to buy large amounts of newspaper advertising space wholesale & sell it to his customers as they needed it
- First to publish a directory of newspaper circulation numbers, thus providing clients with an independent source of this vital information |
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N. W. Ayer and Son
- one of the first agencies to write copy, put together the artwork for an ad, and plan campaigns.
- this agency recognized that providing the associated services that would make advertising easier for clients would help the agency sell more space for the media. |
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| The process central to a successful ad campaign of figuring out which media to use, buying the media at the best rates, and then evaluating how effective the purchase was. |
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The huge number of commercials & other messages that compete for consumer attention between programs.
- The more ads & non program messages, the less attention viewers will pay to any given message. |
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| Short video episodes designed to be viewed on the small screens on mobile phones or personal digital assistants (PDAs). Brief entertainment, news, commercial programs |
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| The paid integration of a product or service into the central theme of media content. This is most common in television programming or movies, but it can be found in books, magazine articles, web pages, songs. |
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| An early form of public relations that involved sending material from the press agent to the media with little opportunity for interaction & feedback. It often involved conduct that would be considered deceptive & unethical today. |
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| The management function that establishes an maintains mutually beneficial relationships between an organization & the publics on whom its success or failure depends. |
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Computer networks designed to communicate with people within an organization. They are used to improve two-way internal communication & contain tools that allow for direct feedback. They are a tool for communicating with internal publics.
Computer networks within a company. |
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| Two-way interactions between PR professionals and members of the press. These can involve press conferences, press releases, video news releases, or interviews. Typically, media relations involve the placement of unpaid messages within the standard programming or news content of the medium. |
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| A judicial order that stops a media organization from publishing or broadcasting a story or image. |
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| A published statement that unjustifiably exposes someone to ridicule or contempt; for a statement to be libel, it must satisfy the three elements of defamation, identification, and publication. |
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- Nephew of Sigmund Freud
- Engineering consent-- use principles learned from the social sciences to influence public opinion/support
- Focused on PR as a profession. |
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R - research
O - objectives (clearly identified goals of the campaign)
P - programming (pragmatics of achieving the objectives
E - evaluation
S - stewardship (maintaining the relationships developed in the campaign) |
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| A representative of a publication's readers who takes the point of view of those who purchase or consume the news (reader's representative or audience advocate) |
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Coverage of events that are lurid & highly emotional.
Issues:
Does it demean us?
Does it replace coverage of significant stories?
Whose deaths matter? |
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| The Smith Act (Alien Registration Act of 1940) |
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- it's a crime to advocate the violent overthrow of the government.
- used to prosecute communists.
- in 1944 used to prosecute alleged Nazi sympathizers.
- supreme court essentially stopped its use in 1957. |
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| Social Responsibility Theory |
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| A theory based on the concern that, although the press may be free from interference from the government, it can still be controlled by corporate interests. It is an outgrowth of libertarian theory. |
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| A theory that states that developing nations may need to implement press controls in order to promote industry, national identity, and partnerships with neighboring nations. |
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| The largest and most viewed Arabic-language satellite news channel. It is run out of the country of Qatar and has a regular audience of 40 million viewers. |
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| Intergroup diffusion; movement of innovations from one culture to another. |
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| Importance of a free press |
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- vetting the powerful
- providing information -- both good & bad
- investigative reporting
- lack of difference |
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| Invasion of privacy in which a journalist publishes untrue statements that alter a person's public image in a way that he or she cannot control. |
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| Invasion of privacy by using a person's name of image for commercial purposes without his or her permission. |
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