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Comm 1000 Final Final Exam
Miller Comm 1000
147
Other
Undergraduate 1
05/04/2013

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Term
Intercultural Communication
Definition
Communication between members of different cultures
Term
Culture
Definition
A way of life developed and shared by a group of people and passed down from generation to generation
Term
The social science approach
Definition
Traditional approach to studying culture,built on the methods and assumptions derived from psychology and sociology
Term
The interpretive approach
Definition
Approach to studying culture, methods come from anthropology and linguistics, relies on field study, goal is to take a perspective from within the culture
Term
The critical approach
Definition
Approach to studying culture, primarily concerned with creating change by examining power relationships within cultures, goal is to understand and produce change
Term
individualism/collectivism
Definition
One of Hofstede's cultural dimensions, concerned with people to value individual identity or group identity
Term
Collectivism
Definition
The tendency of people in a culture to value group identity over the individual identity, group obligations over individual rights, ingroup oriented concerns over individual wants and desires
Term
Individualism
Definition
The tendency of people in a give culture to value identity over group identity, individual rights over group rights, individual achievements over group concerns
Term
High-context culture
Definition
Culture that is more skilled in reading nonverbal behaviors, assume that other people are also able to do so, speak less and listen more, linked with collectivist cultures
Term
Low-context cultures
Definition
Cultures that stress direct and explicit communication, emphasize verbal messages and the shared information they encode, linked with individualistic cultures
Term
Power-distance
Definition
The degree to which people accept authority and hierarchical organization as a natural part of their culture
Term
High-power distance
Definition
Cultures where leaders have higher status and are more powerful than others, more authoritarian style of communication, ex. France, India, Mexico
Term
Low-power distance cultures
Definition
Cultures where people emphasize and assume equality, tend to perceive the power others have as appropriate only as it is confined to a given role, could be that of a teacher, doctor, or government official, accustomed to questioning people in power, ex. Israel, Ireland, Australia
Term
Masculine culture
Definition
Culture that values work, strength, competition, and assertiveness, sex roles more strictly defines, emphasis is authoritarian
Term
Feminine Culture
Definition
Culture that values traits like affection, compassion, nurturing, and interpersonal nonverbal communication
Term
Uncertainty-Avoidance
Definition
Measure of the extent to which members of a given culture attempt to avoid uncertainty or ambiguity about others
Term
High uncertainty-avoidance
Definition
Cultures where people are more comfortable in situations where there is little ambiguity and a great deal of information, like rules and have less tolerance for diversity
Term
Low uncertainty-avoidance
Definition
Cultures more open to change and diversity like the United States, Canada, and Jamaica
Term
Shared Code system
Definition
Verbal and nonverbal aspects in the communication process common in a culture, according to Philpsen without this communication would be impossible
Term
Synchrony
Definition
The sharing of rhythms when speaking, during a beat or stress a speaker often reveals information or introduces a new topic to the conversation
Term
Rhythm
Definition
Pattern in nonverbal behavior that accompanies communication, speaking patterns accented by nonverbal gestures and movements that follow the beat
Term
Norms
Definition
Established rules of what is accepted and appropriate behavior
Term
Roles
Definition
Set of norms that apply to specific groups of people within a society
Term
Values
Definition
Aspect of a culture that determines what is right, good, important, beautiful, etc.
Term
Protonorm
Definition
The single universal principle that underpins all systematic ethics - the sacredness of life
Term
Masternorm
Definition
Core values of human dignity, truth telling, and non-violence
Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition
The tendency to judge the values, customs, behaviors, or other aspects of another culture in terms of those that our own cultural group regards as desirable or ideal
Term
Defensive projection
Definition
Seeing our own undesirable qualities in others
Term
Intergroup contact theory
Definition
Theory that proposes four conditions are needed for intergroup interactions to be positive - equal status, authority support, shared goals, and intergroup cooperation
Term
Cosmopolitanism
Definition
An approach to creating greater tolerance and harmony that has two interwoven strands: our obligation to others and the recognition of our responsibility for every human being, and recognition that human beings are different and we can learn from each others' differences
Term
Cultural homogenization
Definition
The tendency for cultures in contact with one another to become increasingly similar to one another, some aspects of culture will dominate and eliminate others
Term
Mainstream Culture
Definition
Basic culture that enables all of us to coexist within a larger, single society, consists of most common language, basic social institutions, material artifacts and technology in use, and values to which most people subscribe
Term
Chronemics
Definition
Use and experience of time
Term
Monochromic
Definition
Cultures like the United States that are more scheduled and place value on time
Term
Polychromic
Definition
Cultures that are not schedule oriented, if you say 7 PM it can be from 7-9 PM, common in Latin American cultures
Term
Stereotyping
Definition
Assuming one characteristic is shared by all group members or one representative in the group
Term
Polarization
Definition
Phenomenon that occurs when people move to more extreme positions on something, barrier to communication, happens without dissenting views
Term
Dyad
Definition
Two person group
Term
Primary Groups
Definition
The basic social units to which we belong, first is family
Term
Social Identity
Definition
Forms when someone belongs to a group and they realize it
Term
Casual/social groups
Definition
Relationships that may be short lived, company of people with whom we socialize, friends, neighbors, groups, teams, etc.
Term
Education/Learning Groups
Definition
People who come together in an attempt to teach or learn something about a given subject
Term
Self-directed work team
Definition
A group of employees who have a day-to-day responsibility for managing themselves and the work they do with a minimum of direct supervision
Term
Iconoclast
Definition
A person who challenges the norms of a group or society
Term
Private Acceptance
Definition
Acceptance more likely to occur when the individual values membership in a group, opinion is unanimously against them, issue is ambiguous, or the group is under pressure to achieve an important goal
Term
Public Compliance
Definition
Something ath stems from the desire to avoid the unpleasantness of conflict, people may go along with the group to keep the peace under pressure
Term
Social comparison theory - all human beings have a need to evaluate their own opinions and abilities and that when they cannot do so by objective nonsocial means, they compare them with those of other people
Definition
Term
Risky shift phenomenon
Definition
Tendency of people to increase their willingness to take risks as a result of expansion
Term
Groupthink
Definition
When members of a group do not think independent of one another, refers to a problem-solving process in which ideas accepted by the group are not really examined, but opposing ideas are suppressed
Term
Brainstorming
Definition
PRoblem-solving technique designed to offset tendencies of group members to feel pressured to conform, generates many ideas with little to no criticism
Term
Initiating-contributing
Definition
One of Tubb's group task roles, proposing new ideas or a changed way or regarding the group goal
Term
Information seeking
Definition
One of Tubb's group task roles, asking for clarification, for authoritative information and facts relevant to the problem under discussion
Term
Opinion Seeking
Definition
One of Tubb's group task roles, seeking information related not so much to factual data as to the values underlying the suggestions being considered
Term
Information giving
Definition
One of Tubb's group task roles, offering facts or generalizations based on experience or authoritative sources
Term
Opinion giving
Definition
One of Tubb's group task roles, stating beliefs or opinions relevant to a suggestion made, emphasis on the proposal of what ought to become the group's values rather than on facts or information
Term
Elaborating
Definition
One of Tubb's group task roles, expanding on suggestions with examples or restatements, offering a rationale for made suggestions, and trying to determine the results
Term
Coordinating
Definition
One of Tubb's group task roles, indicating the realtionships among various ideas and suggestions, attempting to combine ideas and suggestions, and trying to coordinate the activities of group members
Term
Orienting
Definition
One of Tubb's group task roles, indicating the position of the group by summarizing progress made and deviations from agreed-upon directions
Term
Evaluating
Definition
One of Tubb's group task roles, comparing the group's accomplishments to some criterion or standard of group functioning
Term
Assiting
Definition
One of Tubb's group task roles, helping or facilitating group movement by doing things for the group
Term
Recording
Definition
One of Tubb's group task roles, writing down suggestions, decisions, outcomes of discussion, provides tangible results of the group's effort
Term
Group building and maintenance roles
Definition
Encouraging, harmonizing, compromising, gatekeeping and expediting, setting standards or ideals, observing, and following
Term
Individual roles
Definition
Aggressing, blocking, self-confessing, acting the jokester, dominating, help seeking, special-interest pleading, all roles that satisfy the individual's need to contribute to the needs of the group
Term
Cohesiveness
Definition
EMotional commitment that evolves from having working on a problem with others, total field of forces acting on members to remain in the group
Term
Phase 1 in Group Development: Forming
Definition
Begins prior to group's first meeting, members begin the process of separating themselves from attachments that could interfere with the group and attempt to learn about the group/its members, interaction is cautious, ends when norms are clear
Term
Phase 2 in group development: Storming
Definition
Response to orientation phase of group forming, assertion of individuality, clear and direct language, agreement is low, ideas expressed
Term
Phase 3: Norming
Definition
Phase of group development where there are levels of balance, closeness, leader's authority, group cohesion emerges and group functions as a unit
Term
Phase 4: Performing
Definition
Phase of group forming that is a period of consensus and maximum productivity, few negative comments, group spirit is high
Term
5-7
Definition
Optimal Group size
Term
Wheel model
Definition
Communication network model where one person who is usually the leader is the focus of comments from each member of the group, that person is free to communicate with the other four, but they can only communicate with the center, best organized and fastest performance
Term
Chain
Definition
Model of communication network where 3 people can communicate with those next to them, but the other two only with one other member of the group
Term
Y-network
Definition
3-5 people in a communication network that can only communicate with one person
Term
Circle
Definition
Communication network where one person can communicate with two others, those on either side of them, most disorganized and unstable and slowest at solving a problem, least centralized
Term
All-channel
Definition
Communication network where all communication lines are open, each member can communicate with all other members
Term
Centralized
Definition
Nature of a problem group better at identifying colors, symbols, and numbers and other simple problems
Term
Decentralized
Definition
Nature of a problem group better at dealing with more complex problems, aritmetic, word arrangement, sentence construction, discussion problems
Term
Task functions
Definition
Activities that help the group achieve its goals
Term
Consideration Functions
Definition
Include any activities that improve the emotional climate or increase the satisfaction of individual members, showing agreement, support, or encouraging
Term
4 characteristics of a good group
Definition
Contains diversity, decentralization, group members thoughts combined into a unified answer, each group member is self-determining about the data the group has collected; independent people
Term
Social Learning
Definition
Behaviors that are productive and are reinforced by other members of the group and vice versa
Term
Destructive conflict
Definition
Conflict linked to emotional and personal conflict
Term
Constructive Conflict
Definition
Conflict seen as intellectual, effective in groups
Term
Consensus
Definition
Highest level of agreement, means unanimous agreement among all group members concerning a given decision
Term
Majority vote
Definition
REpresents the wishes of at least 51 % of a group's members
Term
Handclasping
Definition
Various minority members within a group form a coalition to help each other achieve mutually advantageous goals
Term
Railroading
Definition
When one or a few group members force their will on a group
Term
Functional Theory of Decision making
Definition
Thoroughly discussing the problem, examining the criteria of an acceptable solution before discussing potential solutions, proposing a set of alternative solutions, assessing the positive aspects of each proposed solution, and assessing the negative aspects of each proposed solution
Term
Standard Agenda
Definition
Decision making procedure that has a linear process of 6 steps: identify problem, analyze problem, identify minimal criteria for solution, generate solution, evaluate solutions and select the best one, implement the solution
Term
Brainstorming
Definition
Decision making procedure that helps groups generate ideas to improve productivity and creativity, stating as many alternatives as possible and encouraging creative ideas
Term
Nominal Group technique
Definition
Decision making process that consists of the independent idea generation phase and the interactive phase to discuss ideas
Term
Independent idea generation phase
Definition
First part of the nominal group technique where members silently write ideas and a facilitator records ideas
Term
Interactive phase to discuss ideas
Definition
Phase 2 of the nominal group technique; group discusses each idea for clarification and votes to narrow number of ideas, discusses ideas that receive most votes
Term
Group hate
Definition
Negative feelings that cause an individual to dislike working with others in group settings, captures the tension between an individual's preference for working alone and working with others
Term
The command function
Definition
Communication function in an organization that allows members to issue, receive, interpret and act on commands, goal is successful influence of other members, made of directions and feedback
Term
The relational function
Definition
Function of communication in an organization that creates and maintains business and personal relationships with other members of the organization, relationships on the job affect performance in satisfaction, flow of communication, degree to which commands are followed
Term
The ambiguity-management function
Definition
Function of communication in organizations where communication is the means for coping with and reducing the ambiguity inherent in organizations, members talk in an effort to structure the environment
Term
Leader-Member Exchange
Definition
Theory that says the relationship between the employee and the leaders is influenced by both parties, and the leader develops a somewhat different relationship with each of his or her employees
Term
Trust
Definition
Level of comfort with another person based on assessment of another person's perceived competence at a certain task as well as their character
Term
Cognitive Trust
Definition
Component of trust where the person is professional and dedicated, there is no reason to doubts the person based on their history, and the person can be relied on not to do careless work
Term
Affective trust
Definition
Component of trust where bother people can freely share and talk about problems knowing they are willing to listen
Term
Downward communication
Definition
Communication initiated by the organization's upper management and then filters down through the chain of command
Term
Redundancy
Definition
In downward communication sending a message through more than one channel; ensures a message will get through and be remembered
Term
Law of diminishing returns
Definition
The idea in downward communication that more communication is better up to a point
Term
Upward communication
Definition
The process whereby the ideas, feelings, and perceptions of lower-level employees are communicated to those at higher levels in an organization
Term
Upward Receptivity
Definition
In upward communication, the willingness to receive messages from subordinates
Term
Ingratiation
Definition
Type of upward communication defined as an attempt by individuals to increase their attractiveness in the eyes of others by flattery, self-disclosures and advice requests, and similarity and sincereity
Term
Horizontal Communication
Definition
The exchanges between and among people on the same level in an organization
Term
Differentiation-integration problem
Definition
When two departments are doing the same thing and now knowing it because of a lack of communication
Term
Functions of horizontal communication
Definition
Task coordination, problem solving, information sharing, and conflict resolution
Term
Rumor
Definition
A proposition for a belief dissinemated without official verification
Term
Leveling
Definition
Process whereby a message is changed through omittence of information
Term
Sharpening
Definition
Type of message change where certain parts of a rumor are exaggerated
Term
Assimilation
Definition
Type of message change where people distort messages to accord with their view of things
Term
Grapevine
Definition
The fastest way rumors spread, usually not accurate
Term
Tough-guy-macho culture
Definition
Culture characteristic of high-risk organizations, police, surgeons, and the movie industry
Term
Work-hard play-hard culture
Definition
Culture where the focus is often on sales and meeting customer needs, celebration is used to keep energy high, Mary Kay, McDonald's, Hewlett-Packard
Term
Bet-your-company culture
Definition
High risk culture with a large up-front investment and slow feedback, ex NASA and oil companies
Term
Process culture
Definition
Culture with low-risk and slow feedback where focus is on process; members rarely see results of efforts, involves much communication like memos and long meetings, ex. government, utilities, pharmaceuticals
Term
Broadcasting
Definition
Mess media projected to a large audience
Term
Narrowcasting
Definition
Mass media that aims to hit an audience more directly; just audience interested in what you're selling
Term
Hyperpersonal communication
Definition
Beyond interpersonal, interject relational/social comments into messages, messages crafted more closely to further individual goals, can better manage self-presentation
Term
The FCC
Definition
5 members who serve 5 terms, establishes rules for granting licenses
Term
Obscenity
Definition
To the average person, depicts patently offensive conduct, lacks serious artistic, literary, political, or scientific value
Term
Indecency
Definition
Content that describes or depicts sexual or excretory activities or organs, offensive to community standards, protected speech during safe harbor period
Term
safe harbor period
Definition
Indecency permitted from 10-6am, times when children are not likely to be in the audience
Term
Chilling affect
Definition
In broadcasting - broadcasters afraid to get fined so they increase self-censoring
Term
Getekeeper
Definition
A person who, by selecting, changing, and/or rejecting messages, can influence the flow of information to a receiver or group of receivers
Term
Active audience
Definition
Audience that seeks what it wants, rejecting more content than it accepts, interacts both with the members of the groups it belongs to and with the media content it receives, and testing the mass media message by talking it over with other persons or comparing it with other media content
Term
Selective exposure
Definition
The tendency to choose communication that will confirm your own opinion, attitudes, or values
Term
Selective Attention
Definition
The receiver processes certain of the available stimuli while filtering out others
Term
Diffusion
Definition
The process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels through which it spreads to a community of receivers
Term
Innovators
Definition
The first 2.5% to adopt new ideas
Term
Early adopters
Definition
The second 13.5% of people to accept new ideas and fads, first to buy new electronics
Term
The early majority
Definition
The third group of people to adopt an idea, 34%
Term
The late majority
Definition
The 34% of people to adopt an innovation fourth
Term
Laggards
Definition
The last 16% of people to adopt an idea, extremely reluctant
Term
Agenda setting theory
Definition
The press tells us what to think about by establishing the relative importance of certain issues
Term
Framing in the media
Definition
Choosing a broad organizing theme for selecting, emphasizing, and linking the elements of a story
Term
convergence
Definition
The coming together of computing, telecommunications, and media in a digital environment
Term
Teleconferencing
Definition
Holding a meeting with people who are in different, often distant locations
Term
Telecommuting
Definition
People work at various locations outside the main office, often at home, and are usually connected to a main office by computer and a high-speed modem
Term
Blog
Definition
A website where information is updated frequently and presented in reverse chronological order
Term
Feedback
Definition
Return of information to a network through e-mail, letters, telephone, etc.
Term
Hypodermic needle model
Definition
Mass comm model where each audience member receives messages directly from the source of the given medium, implication is that it is powerful and the audience is passive
Term
Opinion leader
Definition
Someone who, through day-to-day personal contacts and communication, influences someone else's opinions and decisions fairly regularly
Term
two-step flow model
Definition
Mass comm model where information is passed from the various mass media to certain opinion leaders and from those leaders to other people within the population
Term
N-step flow model
Definition
Mass comm model that is like the two step flow model except it states that there are various steps and sources of information
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