Term
| functional perspective of comm |
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Definition
| examines how comm behaviors work or dont work to accomplish our goals in personal, group, organizational, or public situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| are interconnections or interdependence btwn two or more ppl that function to achieve some goal |
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Term
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Definition
| what we do affects others and what others do affects us. |
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Definition
| is the affect or feelings you have for other. This is one purpose of communication. You show you want to be connected to others by expression |
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Term
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Definition
| we rely on comm in order to accomplish particular objectives, a function we call goal achievement. |
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Term
| control; influencing others |
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Definition
| One of the most important functions of comm, is ability to influence people. The ability of one person, group or org to influences other an the manner in which their relationships are conducted is called control |
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Term
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Definition
| arbitrary constructions usually in the form of language or behaviors, that refer to ppl, things, and concepts. the stronger the connection btwn symbol and object, the clearer the intended meaning and vice versa. |
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Term
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Definition
| comm requires a shared code. a pattern of symbols that symbolic behaviors are grouped into to create a meaningful message. for comm to take place, the participants must share the code used to encode and decode messages |
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Term
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Definition
| is the process of mentally constructing a message for production |
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Term
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Definition
| is the process of receiving a message by interpreting and assigning meaning to it |
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Term
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Definition
| a groups culture includes the language and other symbols used by group members as ell as the norms and rules about how behavior can appropriately be displayed and understood |
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Term
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Definition
| smaller groups of ppl within a culture who are distinguished by features such as race, religion, age, generation, political affiliation, gender, sexual orientation, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| the method through which communication occurs. We must have a channel in order to communicate. |
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Term
| comm is a transactional process |
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Definition
| it involves two or more ppl acting in both sender and receiver roles, and their messages are dependent on and influenced by those of their partner. Once a comm transaction has been completed, once a message has been sent and received, it cannot be reversed, nor can it be repeated in precisely the same way. |
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Term
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Definition
| term used by comm scholars to describe comm that is effective and appropriate for a given situation, in which the communicators evaluate and reassess their own comm process. |
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Term
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Definition
| in comm, an outcome has to do with the product of an interchange; in a negotiation for example, the outcome may be getting a good deal on a product or getting a contract signed. For comm to be competent it needs to be effective and appropriate. |
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Term
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Definition
| competent comm is more concerned with process, which measures the success of comm by considering the methods by which an outcome is accomplished. |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of morals, specifically the moral choices individuals make in their relationships. Fundamental to responsible thinking, decision making, and development of relationships and communities within and across contexts, cultures, channels, and media. |
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Term
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Definition
| our ability to have a number of behaviors at your disposal and your willingness to use diff comm behaviors in diff situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| are behavioral routines based on social understandings, they are used by communicators to achieve particular goals |
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Term
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Definition
| a sender originates comm with words or action, those words or actions constitute the message. the message must be carried thru a specific channel, written or visual, over telephone lines, cables, etc. Along the way, some interference called noise occurs, so that the message arrives changed in some way at its target, the receiver. |
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Term
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Definition
| exhibits comm btwn sender and receiver that incorporates feedback. Feedback is a message from the receiver to there sender that illustrates responses that occur when two or more ppl communicate. noise occurs along the way |
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Term
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Definition
| this model is transactional, the individuals or groups communicate simultaneously, sending and receiving messages at the same moment in time, within a relational context, a situational context, and a cultural context. Takes into account not only transactional nature of comm but also the role of communicators themselves, their internal thoughts and influences as well as the various contexts in which they operate. Four main spheres of influence |
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Term
| four main spheres of influence in the competent comm model |
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Definition
| the communicator, the relational context in which the comm takes place, the situational context, and the cultural context |
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Term
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Definition
| the thoughts that individuals have about themselves and others, including their understanding and awareness of who they are, how well they like who they are, and how successful they think they are. . your cognitions influence your behaviors when you communicated |
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Term
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Definition
| is observable comm including both verbal messages and nonverbal messages. So your cognitions inform your behavior, which are then received and decoded by your comm partner. |
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Term
| relational context example |
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Definition
| when you say lets be friends to someone, it can be exciting to start a new friendship, or a depressing shut down of intimacy |
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Term
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Definition
| the situational context inclues the social environment, the physical place, specific events and situations, and even a specific mediated place. |
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Definition
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Definition
| a cognitive process thru which we interpret our experiences and come to our own unique understandings |
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Term
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Definition
| the means by which you gather, organize, and evaluate the info you receive. your interpretation of what you see, hear, or touch will be unique to you because of the ways in which you select, organize, and interpret info |
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Term
| selecting info occurs because |
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Definition
| each individual organizes and adapts his or her perceptions into existing memory bases called schemas |
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Term
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Definition
| are mental structures that put together related bits of info. |
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Term
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Definition
| help you understand how things work or anticipate how they should proceed. Communicators retrieve schemas from memory and interpret new info, ppl and situations in accordance with those schemas |
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Term
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Definition
| to send and receive messages that are effective and appropriate you must be able to process info in a way that makes sense to you but also has a high likelihood of being accurately perceived by others. 3 key challenges: mindlessness, selective perception, and undue influence |
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Term
mindlessness
selective perception |
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Definition
you process info passively. uncritical evaluation of what is processed.
succumbing to biased nature of perception. Usually active, critical thought. Presence or absence of schemas. A person who is keenly interested in economics likely has a schema for ideas on balancing federal budget and will pay attention to political opinions about it. someone with no interest in economic matters may not pay attention |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when you give greater credibility or importance to something shown or said that should be. Media can be a source of undue influence |
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Term
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Definition
| personal characteristics that are used to explain behavior are known as attributions. You make attributions to try to explain the causes of a behavior and to justify your perceptions |
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Term
| the fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| explains our tendency to overemphasize the internal and underestimate the external causes of behaviors we observe in others. |
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Term
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Definition
| holds that we usually attribute our own successes to internal factors while we explain our failures by attributing them to situational or external factors |
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Term
| interaction appearance theory |
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Definition
| helps explain how ppl change their attributions of someone, particularly their physical attractiveness, the more they interact. Ppl become more or less attractive to us as we get to know them better |
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Term
| Improving your perceptions |
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Definition
| verify your perceptions, be thoughtful when you seek explanations, look beyond first impressions |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals who fail to consider other cultural perspectives in this manner are said to suffer from cultural myopia, a form of nearsightedness grounded in the belief that ones own culture is appropriate and relevant in all situations |
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Term
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Definition
| most sever barrier to intercultural communication, a deep seated feeling of unkindness and ill will toward particular groups, usually based on negative stereotypes and feelings of superiority over those groups |
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Term
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Definition
| our perception of ourselves, our thoughts, self concept, self esteem, self efficacy |
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Term
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Definition
| your awareness and understanding of who you are, influenced by your thoughts, actions, abilities, values, goals and ideals. you develop a self concept by thinking about your strengths and weaknesses, observing your behavior in a wide variety of situations, witnessing your own reactions to situations, and watching others reactions to you . Whatever attributes are important to you, you will consider them important traits in other people as well. |
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Term
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Definition
| comes in the form of compliments, insults, support, or negative remarks |
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Term
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Definition
| might be revealed through innuendo, gossip, subtle nonverbal cues, or a lack of comm |
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Term
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Definition
| we tend to compare ourselves to others as we develop our ideas about ourselves. It can influence how we think about ourselves and what we are willing to do to close the gap created by comparison |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to how you feel about yourself, usually in a particular situation. essentially a set of attitudes that ppl hold about their own emotions, thoughts, abilities, skills behavior and beliefs .ppl with high self esteem are more confident in their interpersonal relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| may result from an inconsistent view of oneself. some ppl who think they posses shortcomings or negative traits may prefer to ignore them so that these traits will not affect their more enduring self esteem, |
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Term
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Definition
ability to predict actual success from self concept and self esteem. your perceptions of self efficacy guide your ultimate choice of communication situations.
also has ability to cope with failure and stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| a prediction that causes an individual to alter his or her behavior in a way that makes the prediction more likely to occur. when you cannot avoid situations where you experience low efficacy, you are less likely to make an effort to prepare or participate than you would for situations in which you are comfortable an perceive high efficacy. |
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Term
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Definition
| the feelings and thoughts you get when you know that you have negotiated a comm situation as well as you possibly could. |
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Term
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Definition
| when you assess your comm competence as sufficient or acceptable, you are feeling a sense of self adequacy. could be good for motivation |
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Term
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Definition
| is criticizing or attacking yourself. most often occurs when communicators place undue importance on their weaknesses or shortcomings. |
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Term
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Definition
| intentional communication designed to show elements of self for strategic purposes. you tend to focus on this more when your social identity is being evaluated by others |
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Term
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Definition
| knowing how to present yourself in the best way usually involves paying attention to your behavior and that of others. this is your abiliy to watch your environment and others in i for cues as to how to present yourself in a particular situation |
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Term
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Definition
| when you reveal yourself to others by sharing information about yourself. to count the disclosure must be important. not be easily known by other and must be voluntary. |
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Term
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Definition
| the system of symbols that we use to think about and communicate experiences and feelings. language i also governed by grammatical rules and is influenced by various contexts. |
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Term
| denotative meaning of a word |
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Definition
| its basic consistently accepted definition |
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Term
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Definition
| the emotional or attitudinal response people have to your word. |
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Term
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Definition
| the specific system of symbols that you use to describe people, things and situations in your mind. it influences both language and message production, it is related to your thoughts, your attitudes, your co cultures, and the society in which you live |
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Term
grammar
phonological rules
syntactic rules |
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Definition
| is very important. it has phonological rules, or rules about how words should be pronounced. syntactic rules: or rules about the placement of words |
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Term
| communication acquisition |
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Definition
| requires that we not only learn individual words in a language but also learn to use that language appropriately and effectively in the context of the situtation |
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Term
| five functional comm competencies |
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Definition
| controlling, informing, feeling, imagining, ritualizing, |
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Term
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Definition
| lang is used as an instrument of control to influence oneself, others and the environment |
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Term
| using lang to share info, four important aspects of informing competency |
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Definition
using lang to both give and receive information.
questioning, describing, reinforcing, withholding |
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Term
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Definition
| the functional competency of expressing feeling is primarily relational. we let ppl know how much we value them by the emotions we express |
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Term
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Definition
| is probably the most complex functional competency. it is the ability to think, play, and be creative in communication |
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Term
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Definition
| involves learning the rules for managing conversations and relationships. ritualizing effectively means you say and do the right thing at weddings, funerals, dinners, athletic events and other social gatherings. |
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Term
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Definition
| the famous linguist S I Hayakawa illustrated the specific versus the general levels of abstraction by constructing this ladder. the top rungs of the ladder are high level abstractions, which are the most general and vague, low level abstractions are more specific and can help you understand more precisely what ppl mean. |
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Term
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Definition
| we employ high level abstract lang as means of evasion |
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Term
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Definition
| using words that have unclear or misleading definitions. may be used strategically to get out of an uncomfortable situation, as when a friend asks you what you think of her new sweater, which you think is hideous |
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Term
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Definition
| lang that is informal, nonstandard, and usually particular to a specific group, it operates as a high level abstraction because meanings of slang are known only by a particular group of ppl doing a specific time in history |
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Term
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Definition
| technical language that is specific to members of a given profession or interest group or people who share a hobby |
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Term
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Definition
| involves the relationship among symbols, objects, people and the concepts and refers to the meaning that words have for people, either because of their definition or because of their placement in a sentence structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to use the symbol systems of a culture appropriately. |
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Term
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Definition
| subtle meanings that influence our perceptions about the subject. example: calling someone sweetie can be belittling, or kindly intended. |
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Term
| politically correct language |
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Definition
| when language openly excludes certain groups or implies something negative about them, we often attempt to replace the biased language with more neutral terms, employing what is know as politically correct lang. these terms revolve around group preferences, with groups redefining the ways in which they want to be described or labeled |
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Term
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Definition
| includes words or expressions considered insulting, rude, vulgar, or disrespectful |
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Term
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Definition
| whether lang is viewed as rude or hostile, is also based on the culture and times. what it does have to do is meet some standards of civility, the social norm for appropriate behavior |
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Term
| language reflects context |
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Definition
| the lang we use reflects who we are around |
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Term
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Definition
| we each have sets of complex language behaviors or files of language possibilities called this |
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Term
| language builds on context |
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Definition
| as you develop relationships you learn how ppl prefer to be addressed and you adjust your language accordingly |
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Term
| language determines context |
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Definition
| we can create context by the language we use. if you professors says to call her by her first name, one context is created (informal), if she says dr. esquivel, you will likely have expectations for a more formal context |
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Term
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Definition
| a more formal, polite,or mainstream language that we use in business contexts, in the classroom, and in formal social gatherings |
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Term
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Definition
| informal, easygoing language including slang that we use when we are in more comfortable environments |
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Term
| can language use affect our thoughts? |
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Definition
| yes, Sapir Whorf hypothesis and the study with tribes who do not have words for numbers about two |
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Term
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Definition
| a claim that the words a culture uses or doesnt use influence thinking. if a culture lacks a word for something, members of that culture will have few thoughts about that thing or concept. two ideas, linguistic determinism and relativity are related to this |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that lang influences how we see the world around us |
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Term
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Definition
| speakers of diff languages have diff views of the world |
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Term
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Definition
| male speakers are thought to interrupt others in conversation more than female speakers, but situation and status of speakers probably better predit interruption than sex |
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Term
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Definition
| womens speech patterns contain more words that heighten or intensity topics |
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Term
| qualifiers, hedges, disclaimers |
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Definition
| lang that sounds hesitant or uncertain is often perceived as less powerful, and such hesitations are often associated with womens speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| another sign of hesitancy, feminine speech, "that was a beautiful sunset, wasnt it?" |
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Term
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Definition
| diferences in the way men and women express resistance can have serious consequences. women use evasive lang over direct to avoid hurt feelings or causing a scene. men however perceive an indirect denial as a yes |
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Term
| code switching and style switching |
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Definition
| types of accommodation in which communicators change their regular language and slang, as well as their tonality, pitch, rhythm, and inflection to fit into a particular group. these language accommodations may be ways to survive, manage defensiveness, mange identity, or to signal power or status. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of intentionally or unintentionally signaling meaning thru behavior other than words |
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Term
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Definition
| symbols we use to send messages without or in addition to words |
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Term
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Definition
| body movements, the aspects of gestures and body movements that send nonverbal messages |
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Term
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Definition
| movements and gestures that have a direct verbal translation in a particular group or culture |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforce verbal messages and help visually explain what is being said. can be used to increase influence in relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| help manage our interactions, raising your hand and lifting your head , indicates that you want to speak |
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Term
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Definition
| satisfy some physical or psychological need, such as rubbing your eyes when your tired, or twisting your hair when you are nervous or bored. they are not conscious behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| nonverbal behaviors that convey feelings, moods and reactions. they are often unintentional, reflecting the senders emotions: slumping in a chair may indicate fatigue or boredom |
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Term
| seven inborn facial expressions |
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Definition
| sadness, anger, disgust, fear, interest, surprise, and happiness |
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Term
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Definition
| a common facial management technique, replacing an expression that shows true feeling with an expression that shows appropriate feeling for a given interaction |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the use of the eyes to communicate. researchers found that newborn infants stated longer at faces offering a direct gaze rather than a diverted one |
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Term
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Definition
| the vocalized sounds that accompany our words are nonverbal behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| pitch can give prominence to certain words or syllables. ton is a modulation of the voice, expressing a particular feeling or mood |
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Term
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Definition
| how loud or soft the voice is |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of the voice to influence comm also includes our vocalizations, paralinguistic cues that give info about our emotional or physical state such as laughing, crying, sighing, yawning, or moaning. |
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Term
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Definition
| the :ah... uhm....uh, uh" vocalizations hen we want to talk versus when we are just encouraging others to continue their talking. |
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Term
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Definition
| we also infer a great deal of meaning from the things that adorn our body known as artifacts, accessories carried or used on the body for decoration or identification |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the way we use and communicate with space;intimate, personal, social, public |
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Term
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Definition
| claiming of an area with or without legal basis thru continuous occupation of that area |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| functional professional touch, social polite touch, friendship warmth touch, love intimacy, sexual arousal |
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Definition
| used to perform a job, more interpersonal and a polite acknowledgment of other person, conveys liking and affection btwn ppl who know each other well, used by romantic partners or parents and children, intense form of touch that plays important part in sexual relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of how ppl perceive the use of time and how they structure time in their relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| a persons TO is his or her personal associations with theuse of time, it determines the importance that person ascribes to conversation content, the legngth of interaction, urgency of interaction, and punctuality |
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Term
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Definition
| depend on touch as an important form of comm |
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Term
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Definition
| are touch sensitive or even tend to avoid touch |
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Term
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Definition
| the physical space that affects our nonverbal comm. you might touch or caress your partners hand while chatting over dinner at your kitchen table, but you would be less likely to do so at your brothers kitchen or during a meeting at city halll |
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Term
| informal-formal dimension |
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Definition
| more psychological, dealing with our perceptions of personal versus impersonal situations |
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Term
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Definition
| the physiological process of perceiving sound, process thru which sound waves are picked up by the ears and transmitted to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of recognizing, understanding, accurately interpreting and responding effectively to the messages you hear. listening involves processing what others say and do, paying attention, understanding, and creating messages to respond |
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Term
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Definition
| we cannot choose what we here, but we choose one sound over the others |
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Term
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Definition
| step of being willing to focus attention on both the presence and the communication of someone else |
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Term
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Definition
| interpreting and making sense of messages, lets us interpret meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| part of listening process that contributes to perceptions of competence in interaction far beyond the classroom |
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Term
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Definition
| involves generating some kind of feedback or reaction that lets others know that you have received and understood their message |
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Term
| active listening v passive |
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Definition
| involves being an active participant in making choices about selecting attending and so on. a failure to make such active choices is called passive listening. passive listeners must frequently have info repeated to them |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which the thoughts of the listener and the the thoughts and intentions of the message produce match following their communication. |
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Term
| people oriented listeners |
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Definition
| listen with relationships in mind. concerned with ppls feelings.good at assessing moods, able to listen without judgement |
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Term
| action oriented listeners |
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Definition
| usually focused on tasks, organize the info they hear into concise and relevant themes. keep discourse on track |
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Term
| content oriented listeners |
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Definition
| critical listeners who carefully evaluate what they hear. usually effective when info is complex |
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Term
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Definition
| most concerned with efficiency, prefer info that is clear and to the point and have little patience for speakers who wander off topic |
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Term
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Definition
| to process accurately understand whats being said. used to understand a message . questions are important aids to info listening. questioning techniques are inquiries that a listener can make to coordinate what the speaker is saying with what the listener is hearing |
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Term
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Definition
| when you evaluate or analyze info, evidence, ideas or opinions |
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Term
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Definition
| we are attempting to know how another person feels, involves listening to ppl with openness, sensitivity, and caring. helps manage the emotions of ppl confronting adverse events and can help uncover erroneous assumptions that may be contributing to their anxieties. |
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Term
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Definition
| when you goal is to take pleasure in the sounds you receive |
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Term
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Definition
| factors that interfere with our ability to comprehend info and repsond appropriately |
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Term
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Definition
| is a state of uneasiness, anxiety, fear, or dread associated wiith a listening opportunity. students with this have lower motivation to process info in the classroom |
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Term
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Definition
| responding with aggression and arguing with the speaker without fully listening to the message |
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Term
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Definition
| whn you zero in only on bits of info that interest you. common in situations when you are feeling defensive or insecure. |
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Term
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Definition
| listen only for their own needs, or even for unethical purposes. to hear info that will be useful in achieving specific goals. |
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Term
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Definition
| listening in order to control the comm interaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses on self but is more direct, more unethical. attacking is a response to someones message with negative evaluations. ambushing is more strategic. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when we fail to pay attention to emotional content of someones message instead taking it at face value |
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Term
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Definition
| pretending to listen by nodding or saying uhuh when your not really paying attention at all |
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Term
| speaker responsible listening |
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Definition
| more direct, speaker usually tells the listener what he or she wants the listener to know. listener can ask directs ?s without offending speaker, and listener may be assertive |
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Term
| qualities that make a good friend |
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Definition
| availability, caring, honestly, trust, loyalty, empathy |
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Term
| types of love, eros, ludus, storge, pragma, mania, agape |
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Definition
| erotic, playful casual, love that lacks passion, intense/romantic, selfless/romantic |
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Term
| social informing processing theory |
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Definition
| agues that communicators use unique language and stylistic cues in their online messages to develop relationships that are just as close as those that grow from face to face content, but using a text takes time, so it takes longer to become intimate |
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Term
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Definition
| comm that is even more personal and intimate than face to face interaction. freed from the less controllable nonverbal cues, online communicators can carefully craft their messages and cultivate idealized perceptions of each other |
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Term
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Definition
| we all long for inclusion, involve others in our lives and to be involved in others lives |
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Term
| interpersonal attraction traits |
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Definition
| proximity, physical attraction, similarity |
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Term
| attraction similarity hypothesis |
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Definition
| suggest that the extent to which we project ourselves onto another person is the direct result of the attraction we feel for that person. greater attraction to an individual leads to perceptions of greater similarity |
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Term
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Definition
| deals with attraction, positing that we seek relationships with others who have comparable levels of attractiveness |
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Term
| genetic similarity hypothesis |
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Definition
| agues that two individuals who hail from same ethnic groups are more genetically similar that two from diff ethnic groups. the impact is that we tend to help, favor, and form relationships with ppl from our own ethnic group. |
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Term
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Definition
| explains the process of balancing the advantages and disadvantages of a relationship. relationships begin, grow, and deteriorate based on an exchange of rewards and costs |
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Term
| rewards; extrinsic rewards; instrumental rewards; intrinsic rewards |
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Definition
| elements of relationship that you feel good about; external advantages such as social status or connections; resources and favors that partners give to one another such as living together to save on rent; personally satisfying rewards that come from an exchange of intimacy |
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Term
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Definition
| the things that upset or annoy you, cause stress, or damage self image/life style |
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Term
| uncertainty reduction theory |
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Definition
| when two ppl meet, the main focus is on decreasing the uncertainty about each other. this increases your ability to predict that persons behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| involve observing others in communication situations with out actually interacting with them. for example stalking facebooks |
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Term
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Definition
| let you obtain info about a person more directly, or from a third party. asking others about that person. |
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Term
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Definition
| speaking directly with that person rather than passively asking others for info |
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| relational dialectics theory |
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Definition
| holds that dialectical tensions are contradictory feelings that tug at us in every relationship. can be external or internal. |
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| tension btwn independence and dependence. we want to be our own person but want to be a part of something else |
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| must share info with relational partners. tension comes as partners strive to find a balance btwn sharing info and a desire to keep some things private |
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| need for stability thru predictable relational interaction as well as a need for new and exciting experiences in personal relationships |
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| social penetration theory |
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| explains how partners move from superficial levels to greater intimacy. as you might peel off layer after layer of an onion in attempt to reach core, layers of a person get increasingly intimate |
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| communication privacy management theory |
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Definition
| helps explain how ppl perceive the info they hold about themselves and whether they will disclose or protect it. presumes that ppl believe they own their private info and need to set up boundaries to control the potential risk that may make them vulnerable |
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| a threat to your privacy boundaries |
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Term
| stages of a relationship, initiating, exploratory, intensification, stable, declining, termination, reconciliation |
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| you make contact with another person; you are seeking superficial info from your partner; become more intimate and move comm toward more personal self disclosures and use "we talk", relationship is no longer volatile or temporary/integrating or becoming one/bonding takes place when two partners share formal symbolic messages with the world that their relationship is important; when the relationship states to come apart lead by uncertainty events, interference, unmet expectations |
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Term
| uncertainty events; interference; unmet expectations |
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Definition
| behavioral patters that cause uncertainty in a relationship may be due to deception, betrayal, unexplained changes in sexual behavior, may be sudden or subtle; timing, family or friends of one or both partners, problems with work or money; when ppl enter a relationship they make expectations of their partner, unrealistic expectations can create problems; |
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| repair tactics in relationship |
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Definition
| improving comm, focusing on positive aspects of parter, reinterpreting behaviors with more balanced view, |
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| two types, passing away which is characterized by gradual fading of a relationship, or sudden death , which is an abrupt and unexpected termination of relationship. |
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| reconciliation; spontaneous development, third party mediation; high affect; tacit persistence; mutual interaction; avoidance |
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Definition
| repair strategy; partners wind up spending more time together;a friend or family member helps; partners resolve to be nice and remind each other of what they found attractive in one another; one or both partners refuse to give up; partners begin talking more often following solution; partners avoid spending time together and begin to miss each other |
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| incompatible goals, inaccurate perceptions, unbalanced costs and rewards, provocation |
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| aggression, identity management, lack of fairness, incompetence, relationship threats |
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| when someone insults you, it can threaten your identity |
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| when someone you work with or depend on performs poorly |
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| factors affecting conflict: power dynamics; attitude towards conflict, communication climate; |
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Definition
| when one person has power over another, unhealthy relationships characterized by too much dependence of one partner on another, control of one partner, and inability to communicate boundaries; some ppl hate conflict and avoid it at all costs, or are reluctant to discuss certain topics with certain ppl , known as communication boundary management; conflicts can stem from certain atmospheres or feelings surrounding different relationships |
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| conflicts can stem from certain atmospheres or feelings surrounding different relationships; climates represent the dominant temper, attitudes and outlook of a group and provide continuity and coherence in mutual activities. |
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| those in which at least one of the ppl involved is unclear, vague, tentative and awkward about the goals, expectations, and potential outcomes of the conflict situation |
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| ppl involved feel threatened. atmosphere of mistrust, suspicion and apprehension |
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Definition
| ideal because they offer communicators a chance to honestly and considerately explore the issues involved in the conflict situation |
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Term
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Definition
| emphasize personal needs rights and identity, while collectivist cultures emphasize group identity and needs. |
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| high context cultures v. low |
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Definition
| in high, ppl rely more on social norms and nonverbal comm than what is said. in low, ppl are expected to say what they mean |
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| individualist, low context cultures rely on and compete for tangible power resources. In collectivist, high context, power is about gains or losses in reputation and is displayed subtly thru indirect requests |
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| posting of online messages that deliberatly hostile or insulting toward an individual |
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Definition
| posting of provocative or offensive messages to whole forums or discussion boards in order to elicit some type of general reaction |
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Term
| strategies for managing conflict: escapist, challenging, cooperative |
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Definition
| ppl try to prevent or avoid conflict, try to have other person raise issue; promore objectives of inidividual who uses them, rather than desires of other person,effecitive at handling conflicts because they dont let negative emotions like guilt get in the way; strategies that benefit the relationship and strive to produce solutions, |
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| point out the worst case scenarios |
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| one partner offers something of equal value in return for something he or she wants |
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| flipping a coin or taking a vote |
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| removing oneself from a situation or relationship to end conflict |
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Definition
| avoid conflict by originally decided who is in charge of what |
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Term
| a good comm model should have: |
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Definition
| ppl, meesage, channel/medium, noise, feedback, context/setting |
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| interaction/process models, adds feedback, cognitive processing |
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Definition
no feedback, but interactive, source, message,channel , receiver,
• Channel coming through seeing, hearing, touching, smelling, tasting |
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Term
| Purely Transactional Models |
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Definition
| Show only transaction and nothing else. Touchy feely models . “Its about me”. Dance model. Elements, no people, conceptual. Not just feedback, but also transactional qualities. |
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Term
| •Language is capable of displacement |
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Definition
| means talking about things that aren’t right in front of you |
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| Idiosyncratic denotations |
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Definition
| :unique to just one person or group of friends |
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Definition
| Terms or symbols with widespread positive connotations: freedom, hope |
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Term
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Definition
tional imprecise language
• Your friend asks if you liked your present
• How do you answer? |
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Term
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Definition
o More inclusive of human subtleties
o Difficult to test conclusions because it can be more specific |
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Term
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Definition
Empirical observation
• Collect date
• Make systematic observations/measurements
• Construct good theories/models
Logical Reasoning
• Make consistent, rational inferences from date
• Construct good theories/models
Objectivity
• Remove/control personal bias
• Use standard set of rules and procedures
Public dialogue
• Findings reported to and reviewed by scientific community |
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Term
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Definition
describe media or other comm content
• Ex what issues get most news coverage?
• Assess image of particular group in media
• EX: how are republicans versus democrats stereotyped in political news?
Need representative sample of media messages
• Include national and local news? Cable/blogs?
Need clear, specific definitions of content variables or units of study
• EX what is biased or stereotypical coverge
Limitations:
• Can only quantitatively describe content
• So there is no info about why content is that way or its effects on the audience |
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Term
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Definition
• Ask ppl what they think or do
o can use telephone, mail, internet, face to face
• Purpose:
o Identify attitudes/behaviors in a population
o Examine relationships btwn attitudes/behaviors
• Need representative sample of participants
• Limitations of surveys
o Cannot make casual conclusions
o Reliance on self reports |
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Term
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Definition
o Purpose: draw causal conclusions
• Ex. Does the source of news influence how believable ppl think it is
o Manipulate casual variable (independent)
o Ex. Manipulate news source as IV
• One group told story is from foxnews
• 2nd told cnn
• 3d no source (control)
o Contol everything else
o Measure effect/outcome (dependent variable)
o Need random assignments
o Need good manipulation
• Limitations of experiments:
o Limited participant sample
o Artificial setting
o Poor eternal validity
• Hard to generalize results beyond participants and lab environment |
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Term
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Definition
| o Initial impression (pos or neg) influences how we weight other info |
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Term
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Definition
| o Impressions influenced by what just came beforehand |
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| Functions of self disclosure |
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Definition
• Impression management-slyly revealing info about you/your traits to impress people or set an impression upon them
• Intimacy management: managing level of intimacy or closeness, don’t know whether you want it to be a close friend so you don’t disclose more
• Reciprocity: when you reveal something about yourself, the other person will as well
• Catharsis: to reveal or disclose secrets to let go of something,
• Self Clarification/validation: for what you are experiencing, unless you have to put something in words you never really think it all the way thru |
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Term
| Maintaining conflict : not letting is escalate |
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Definition
Quid pro quo (tit for tat), you do something to me, I do something to you
Combining escalation/reduction tactics
Tactics to reduce conflict:
• Ask for more info, ”what is upsetting you “
• Metacommunication, analyzing your communication, talking about how your talking to each other
• Respond to all levels of conflict (facts and feelings)
• Accepting responsibility |
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