SOURCE FILTER THEORY

POWER

SOURCE FILTER THEORY

SOURCE

PHONATORY SYSTEM

PHONATION:  ACOUSTIC SIGNAL (VOICE) PRODUCED BY VIBRATION OF VOCAL FOLDS

SOURCE FILTER THEORY

FILTER

ARTICULATORY/RESONANCE SYSTEM

   ORAL/NASAL CAVATIES, ARTICULATORS

   FILTER ALONE = VOICELESS SOUNDS

   SOURCE + FILTER = VOICED SOUNDS

SOURCE FILTER THEORY

SOURCE

VOCAL FOLDS

CREATE "BUZZ" SOUND

SOURCE FILTER THEORY

FILTER

VOCAL TRACT (ORAL/NASAL/PHARYNGEAL CAVATIES)

   SHAPE THE "BUZZ" SOUND INTO DIFFERENT PHONEMES

   CHANGE THE SHAPE OF TRACT

      PLACEMENT OF TONGUE ->CHANGE SHAPE/SIZE OF

      RESONANT CAVITY

JOINING OF 2 OR MORE ELEMENTS

MOVEMENT OF STRUCTURES TO FORM SOUNDS FOR SPEECH

MOVEABLE:

   TONGUE, LIPS, VELUM, PHARYNX, MANDIBLE

IMMOVEABLE:

   TEETH HARD PALATE, ALVEOLAR RIDGE (UPPER JAW)

ARTICULATION

FLEXIBLE/ADAPTABLE SYSTEM

ABLE TO INSTANTLY ADJUST TO CHANGES IN SYSTEM

   TALK W/ TEETH CLENCHED

   TALK W/ FOOD IN MOUTH

PHARYNGEAL

ORAL

NASAL

FROM BASE OF SKULL TO CRICOID CARTILAGE

FOUND IN VOCAL TRACT

BOUNDED BY LIPS, PALATOGLOSSAL ARCHES, HARD AND SOFT PALATE AND TONGUE

FOUND IN VOCAL TRACT

FOUND IN VOCAL TRACT

2 CHAMBERS RUNNING FROM NOSTRILS TO UPPERMOST PORTION OF PHARYNX

ARTICULATORY SYSTEM:

STRUCTURES AND FEATURES

SKULL

ORAL CAVITY STRUCTURES

NASAL CAVITY STRUCTURES/LANDMARKS

PHARYNGEAL CAVITY

FACIAL MUSCLE

STRUCTURES AND FEATURES OF THE ARTICULATORY SYSTEM

SKULL

STRUCTURES AND FEATURES OF ARTICULATORY SYSTEM:

ORAL CAVITY STRUCTURES

STRUCTURES & FEATURES OF THE ARTICULATORY SYSTEM:

 NASAL CAVITY STRUCTURES/LANDMARKS

STRUCTURES AND FEATURES OF THE ARTICULATORY SYSTEM:

PHARYNGEAL CAVITY

STRUCTURES AND FEATURES OF THE ARTICULATORY SYSTEM:

FACIAL MUSCLE

1 MOVEABLE BONE -MANDIBLE

14 FACIAL BONES - CREATE ANTERIOR SURFACE

                              (STRUCTURE OF FACE)

            UNPAIRED: MANDIBEL, VOMER

            PAIRED: MAXILLA, NASAL,PALATINE,LACRIMAL,

                          ZYGOMATIC

HYOID BONE (SOMETIMES CONSIDEED FACIAL BONE)

***REMEMBER (MVM NIPLZ)******

8 CRANIAL BONES: CREATE HOUSING AROUND BRAIN

    UNPAIRED: ETHMOID, SPHENOID, FRONTAL,

                      OCCIPITAL

    PAIRED:  TEMPORAL, PARIETAL

***REMEMBER (PEST OF 6)***

LOWER JAW

UNPAIRED BONE (FUSES DURING DEVELOPMENT)

MENTAL SYMPHYSIS: FUSON POINT AT ANTERIOR   

   MIDLINE

CORPUS/BODY: ANTERIOR AND LATERAL MASS

   (CONTAINING TEETH)

RAMUS:  SUPERIOR EXTENSION

ANGLE:  BEND BETWEEN CORPUS & RAMUS

ALVEOLAR RIDGE IN BOTTOM BY TEETH

MENTAL PROTUBERANCE:  BULGE AT MIDLINE

MENTAL TUBERCLES: PAIRED BUMPS JUST LATERAL TO SYMPHYSIS

MENTAL FORAMEN: PAIRED HOLES LATERAL TO SYMPHYSIS

NERVE EXITS THROUGH FORAMEN

ALVEOLAR ARCH:  SUPERIOR CURVED RIDGE OF CORPUS

   *TEETH WITHIN DENTAL ALVEOLI

INNER SURFACE:

   SUPERIOR & INFERIOR MENTAL SPINES

       *AT SYMPHYSIS

   MYLOHYOID LINE

       *INNER, LATERAL SURFACE OF CORPUS

       *ATTACHMENT SITE FOR MYLOHYOID MUSCLE

CONDYLAR PROCESS: POSTERIOR EXTENSION OF RAMUS

   *ARTICULATES W/TEMPORAL BONE TO FORM TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT (TMJ)

   *PTERYGOID FOSSA/FOVEA (INNER SURFACE):  ATTACHMENT SITE FOR LATERAL PTERYGOID MUSCLE

CORONOID PROCESS: ANTERIOR EXTENSION OF RAMUS

MANDIBULAR NOTCH: SEPARATES CORONOID & CONDYLAR PROCESSES

MANDIBULAR FORAMEN: HOLE ON MEDIAL SURFACE OF RAMUS BELOW CONDYLAR PROCESS

   *EXIT POINT FOR NERVE

UPPER JAW BONES -PLURAL

MAXILLA -SINGULAR

PAIRED BONES; FUSED AT MIDLINE

*CREATE HARD PALATE (BONY ROOF OF MOUTH)

LATERAL NOSE, UPPER DENTAL RIDGE

EXTENSIONS: (PROCESSES) NAMED FOR WHERE THEY CONNECT

FRONTAL PROCESS: SUPERIOR EXTENSION

   *ATTACHES TO FRONTAL BONE

INFRAORBITAL MARGIN:

   *MEDIAL PORTION OF RIDGE OF EYE SOCKET

ORBITAL PROCESS: (INFERIOR ORBIT OF EYE)

   *LOWER RIDGE OF EYE SOCKET

   *INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN: ALLOWS NERVES, BLOOD

          VESSELS TO PASS THROUGH

ZYGOMATIC PROCESS: LATERAL EXTENSION

   *ATTACHES TO ZYGOMATIC BONE TO CREATE

          CHEEKBONE

NASAL COMPONENTS:

   *SUPERIOR ASPECT OF HORIZONTAL PLATE FORMS FLOOR OF NASAL CAVITY

      *NASAL NOTCH

      *ANTERIOR NASAL SPINE

      *NASAL CREST

MAXILLA NASAL COMPONENT

ALVEOLAR PROCESS

MAXILLA NASAL COMPONENT

PALATINE PROCESS

HORIZONTAL EXTENSION:  CREATES 3/4 OF HARD PALATE

   *POSTERIOR 1/4 CREATED BY PALATINE BONE

CONNECT AT INTERMAXILLARY SUTURE

   *CONTINUES AS MEDIAN PALATINE SUTURE

         *MEDIAN PALATINE SUTURE NOT PART OF MAXILLA

           IT IS WHAT IT CONTINUES ON TO BE

MAXILLA NASAL COMPONENT

INCISIVE FORAMEN

ANTERIOR-MOST REGION OF PALATINE PROCESS

   *LOCATION OF INCISORS & LATERAL INCISORS

TEMPORAL BONE

SQUAMOUS PORTION

THIN, FAN SHAPED, CONNECTS TO PARIETAL BONE

LOWER MARGIN CREATES ROOF OF EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS ( EXTERNAL EAR CANAL)

ZYGOMATIC PROCESS: ANTERIOR EXTENSION

    *CONNECTS TO ZYGOMATIC BONE TO CREATE ZYGOMATIC ARCH (CHEEK BONE)

MANDIBULAR FOSSA: ARTICULATION POINT W/CONDYLAR PROCESS OF MANDIBLE (TM JOINT)

TEMPORAL BONE

MASTOID PORTION

POSTERIOR PORTION:

*AIR CELLS WITHIN BONE

*MASTOID PROCESS- BUMP POSTERIOR TO EXTERNAL EAR - ATTACHMENT SITE FOR MUSCLES

TEMPORAL BONE

TYMPANIC PORTION

ANTERIOR/INFERIOR WALLS OF EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS

SYLOID PROCESS: 

    *THIN BONE EXTENDING INFERIORLY

    *ARISES AT JXN OF TYMPANIC W/PETROUS PARTS,

    MAYBE CONSIDEERED PART OF EITHER

TEMPORAL BONE

PETROUS PORTION

HOUSES MIDDLE & INNER EAR

*HOUSES OSSICLES; COCHLEA & SEMICIRCULAR CANALS

MEDIAL REGION CONTAINS INTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS

*TUNNEL FOR CRANIAL NERVE FROM EAR TO BRAIN

TEMPORAL BONE

TEMPORAL FOSSA

CREATED BY TEMPORAL, PARIETAL & OCCIPITAL BONES

ATTACHMENT SITE FOR TEMPORALIS MUSCLE

CRANIAL

NASAL

ORBITAL REGIONS

**INCLUDES 4 FEATURES:

1.CRIBRIFORM PLATE

2.CRISTA GALLI

3.PERPENDICULAR PLATE

4.ETHMOIDAL LABYRINTHS

ETHMOID:

PERPENDICULAR PLATE

EXTENDS INFERIORLY

CREATES SUPERIOR NASAL SEPTUM

LATERAL REGIONS CREATE SUPERIOR & MEDIAL NASAL CONCHAE

SUPERIOR SURFACE

CRIBRIFORM PLATES (SIEVE)

*HORIZONTALLY ORIENTED

*SEPARATES NASAL & CRANIAL CAVITIES

*MANY FORAMEN FOR OLFACTORY NERVES (THROUGH UPPER NASAL CAVITY INTO BRAIN)

MOTH OR BAT SHAPED

CONTRIBUTES TO ORBITS OF THE EYES

*CORPUS

*GREATER WINGS

*LESSER WINGS

*PTERYGOID PROCESS

SPHENOID BONE

CORPUS

HYPOPHYSEAL FOSSA

(AKA: SELLA TURCICA, PITUITARY FOSSA)

FLOOR OF CRANIUM

CORPUS IS HOLLOW

CONTAINS SPHENOID PARANASAL SINUS'

SPHENOID BONE

LESSER WINGS

SPHENOID BONE

GREATER WINGS

PTERYGOID PROCESSES:

INFERIOR EXTENSIONS

MEDIAL & LATERAL PTERYGOID PLATES

*HAMULUS

PRESENT IN THE FOLLOWING BONES OF THE SKULL:

*MAXILLA (IN CHEEK AREA)

*FRONTAL (IN LOW FOREHEAD AREA)

*SPHENOID (BEHIND NASAL CAVITY)

*ETHMOID (BETWEEN THE EYES)

MUCOUS LINING W/THIN LAYER OF MUCUS (NORMALLY)

EXCESS MUCUS DRAINS INTO NASAL CAVITY

SOFT PALATE

CLOSURE FOR SWALLOWING, SPEECH

DIVIDER BETWEEN NASAL/PHARYNGEAL CAVITIES

SPEECH, MASTICATION, DEGLUTITION

INTRINSIC & EXTRINSIC

DEEP LAYER OF THE VELUM

POINT OF INSERTION FOR VELAR MUSCLES

LEVATOR VELI PALATINI M. (LVP)

VELUM ACTIVELY ELEVATED DURING MOST SPEECH, ALSO SWALLOWING

ELEVATION -> CLOSE OFF NASAL CAVITY->

AIR THROUGH ORAL CAVITY

OR PREVENT FOOD/LIQUID FROM ENTERING NASAL CAVITY; SENSORS IN MUSCLES MAY SIGNAL IN SWALLOW REFLEX

MUSCLE OF THE VELUM

O:  TEMPORAL BONE (PETROUS PORTION) & EUSTACHIAN TUBE CARTILAGE

I:  PALATALPONEUROSIS, LATERAL TO MUSCULUS UVULAE

F:  ELEVATES & RETRACTS VELUM

    *PRIMARY VELAR ELEVATOR

    *ELEVATES TO SEAL OFF NASO & OROPHARYNX REGIONS

MUSCLE OF THE VELUM

MEDIAL/POSTERIOR PORTIONS OF SOFT PALATE

O:  POSTERIOR NASAL SPINES OF PALATINE BONE, ALSO PALATALAPONEUROSIS

I:  MUCOUS MEMBRANE COVER OF VELUM

F:  SHORTENS & ELEVATES SOFT PALATE

  *THICKENS VELUM

  *INCREASES FORCE OF CONTACT BETWEEN VELUM & PHARYNGEAL WALL

MUSCLE OF VELUM

O: HAMULUS, SPINE OF SPHENOID BONE

 *"SLINGS" UNDER HAMULUS & ATTACHES INTO VELUM

I: POSTERIOR PALATINE BONE; PALATALAPONEUROSIS

F:  FLATTEN, TENSE VELUM; OPENS EUSTACHIAN TUBE

PALATOGLOSSUS

MUSCLE OF THE VELUM

FORMS ANTERIOR FAUCIAL PILLARS

O:  ANTERIOR PALATALAPONEUROSIS

I:  POSTERIOR/LATERAL TONGUE

F:  DEPRESS SOFT PALATE; OR ELEVATE POSTERIOR TONGUE

MUSCLE OF THE VELUM

FORMS POSTERIOR FAUCIAL PILLARS

O: MIDLINE SOFT PALATE; NEAR HAMULUS & E-TUBE

I:  LATERAL PHARYNGEAL WALL; ALSO SUPERIOR CORNU OF THYROID CARTILAGE

F:  DEPRESS SOFT PALATE; CONSTRICT PHARYNGEAL CAVITY

*STRONGEST VELAR DEPRESSOR

*IMPORTANT AND INTRICATE STRUCTURE

*BIO & NON-BIO FXNS

*MUCOUS MEMBRANE, CORIUM, MUSCLE

*ANTERIOR- BODY, POSTERIOR- ROOT

*MUSCULAR HYDROSTAT

STRUCTURE OF TONGUE

DIVIDING WALL BETWEEN R/L SIDES

*FIBROUS TISSUE, ORIGIN/INSERTION FOR MUSCLES

*ORIGINATES AT HYOID

BLADE/BODY : LIES WITHIN ORAL CAVITY

*TIP/APEX: ANTERIOR-MOST PORTION

*DORSOM: SUPERIOR SURFACE

*BLADE: RESTS AGAINST ALVEOLAR RIDGE

*BACK: RESTS AGAINST VELUM

*MEDIAN SULCUS: LINE RUNNING LONGITUDINALLY

*LINGUAL PAPILLAE: BUMPS ON DORSAL SURFACE

*TERMINAL SULCUS: TRANSVERSE LINE DIVIDING ORAL & PHARYNGEALPORTIONS

*FORAMEN CECUM: DEEP RECESS IN MIDDLE OF TERMINAL SULCUS

PRECISE COORDINATION

MOTOR-SENSORY INTEGRATION ACROSS MUSCLES

  *MOVEMENT OF 1 AFFECTS MOVEMENT OF ANOTHER

MOVEMENT RELATED TO AIR PRESSURES

  *TIGHTER LIP SEAL PRIOR TO PLOSIVES

FLEXIBLE SYSTEM: QUICKLY ADAPTS TO CHANGES, PERTERBATIONS

  *TALKING WHILE EATING, TEETH CLENCHED, ETC.

SPEECH RATE 170 WORDS A MINUTE, 20 SOUNDS PER MINUTE

ELEVATED TONGUE TIP = SUPERIOR LONGITUDINAL MUSCLE

TONGUE MOVED ANTERIORLY=POSTERIOR GENIOGLOSSUS

SIDES PULLED MEDIALLY=TRANSVERSE INTRINSIC

GENIOGLOSSUS

 *POSITION; DEPRESS MEDIAL PORTION

VERTICAL MUSCLE

 *FLATTEN TONGUE

SUPERIOR LONGITUDINAL

 *ELEVATE SIDES

FUNCTION OF ARTICULATORS

LIPS

MOVEMENT DEPENDENT ON PULL FROM FACIAL MUSCLES

LOWER LIP- GREATER MOVEMENT THAN UPPER

 *MENTALIS MUSCLE

FUNCTION OF ARTICULATORS

MANDIBLE

MINIMAL MOVEMENT DURING SPEECH

SPEECH OK W/CLOSURE; NEARLY UNINTELLIGIBLE W/OPEN JAW

FUNCTION OF ARTICULATORS

VELUM

PRIMARY POSISTIONS = OPEN/CLOSED

*MULTIPLE MUSCLES -> GRADATIONS OF MOVEMENT

*BASIC CLOSURE: LEVATOR VELI PALATINI

*TIGHT CLOSURE (PRESURE CONSONANTS)

    LEVATOR + SUPERIOR PHARYNGEAL CONSTRICTOR + UVULAR MUSCLES

    MORE ORAL PRESSUR -> TIGHTER CLOSURE NEEDED

PRECISELY COORDINATED W/TONGUE MOVEMENT

HARD/SOFT PALATE STIMULATION AFFECTS TONGUE MOVEMENT

 *SPEECH PRODUCTION, MASTICATION, DEGLUTITION

CONSONANT PRODUCTION

LIPS

 bilabials /p, b, m, w/, “wh”

CONSONANT PRODUCTION

LIPS + MANDIBLE

CONSONANTS

Mandible

TONGUE PLACEMENT HARD PALATE

ALVEOLARS

TONGUE PLACEMENT

HARD PALATE

PALATAL

TONGUE PLACEMENT

HARD PALATE

VELAR

TONGUE PLACEMENT

SOFT PALATE

NASALS

Source-Filter theory

Resonant frequency

RELATED TO LENGTH/VOLUME OF CAVITY

 *BLOW OVER BOTTLE TOP =RESONANT FREQUENCY

 *CHANGE SIZE OF RESONANT AREA (ADDING/SUBTRACTING WATER) -CHANGE PITCH

VOCAL TRACT : 3 COMBINED CAVITIES

 *COMBINATIONS - MULTIPLE FREQUENCIES POSSIBLE

FILTER CREATES PHONEMES (NOT VOCAL FOLDS)

 *WHISPER "HE" VS "WHO" - CAN HEAR DIFFERENTIATION W/OUT VOICING

SOURCE FILTER THEORY

VOWELS

SOURCE FILTER THEORY

CONSONANTS

ADDITIONAL FILTERS:  LIPS, TEETH

 *CREATE FRICATION OF THE AIRSTREAM

ADDITIONAL CAVITIES: NASAL CAVITY

 *CREATE ADDITIONAL SPACE FOR RESONATION