• LEAF-SHAPED UNPAIRED CARTILAGE

• BROAD PORTION
• POSTERIOR TO ROOT OF TONGUE & CORPUS OF HYOID BONE
• WHEN SWALLOW IT FLAPS FORWARD TO CLOSE AIRWAY 

• SLENDER STALK
• POSTERIOR TO THYROID NOTCH 

• GLOSSOEPIGLOTTIC FOLDS
• HYOEPIGLOTTIC LIGAMENT
• THYROEPIGLOTTIC LIGAMENT

• ATTACH TO TONGUE ANTRIORLY
•      MEDIAL AND LATERAL ATTACHMENTS
• VALLECULAE - BECAUSE OF LATERAL AND MEDIAL ATTACHMENTS FORM POCKETS 

• ATTACHES CORPUS OF EPIGLOTTIS TO CORPUS OF HYOID BONE
• ADIPOSE TISSUE - CUSHY TISSUE BETWEEN THE TWO 

• PETIOLUS TO POSTERIOR ASPECT OF THYROID NOTCH 

ARYTENOIDS

PAIRED CARTILAGE

BASE (INFERIOR SURFACE)

MEDIAL SURFACE - FACE EACH OTHER / FORMS 90 DEGREE ANGLE W/POSTERIOR SURFACE

POSTERIOR SURFACE - SAME PLANE AS POSTERIOR QUADRATE LAMINA

ANTEROLATERAL SURFACE - RUNS FROM MEDIAL SURFACE TO POSTERIOR ASPECT OF CRICOID

BASE - INFERIOR SURFACE

                  ARTICULATES W/SUPERIOR POSTERIOR

                  ASPECT OF CRICOID

VOCAL PROCESS - EXTENDS ANTRIORLY

                  ATTACHMENT POINT OR VOCALIS BUNDLE OF

                  THYROARYTENOID MUSCLE

MUSCULAR PROCESS - EXTENDS LATERALLY

                  ATTACHMENT POINT FOR OTHER MUSCLES

PAIRED CARTILAGES

   PROVIDE STABILITY TO ARYEPIGLOTTIC FOLDS

               EPIGLOTTIS TO ARYTENOIDS

   CORNICULATE CARTILAGES

               SIT ATOP APICES OF ARYTENOIDS

   CUNEIFORM CARTILAGES

               ANTEROLATERAL TO CORNICULATES 

CRICOTHYROID

CRICOARTENOID 

• CRICOID & INFERIOR CORNU OF THYROID CARTILAGE
• SYNOVIAL/DIARTHRODIAL : PIVOT JOINT, THYROID PIVOTS AROUND CRICOID
• FUNCTION:  ALLOWS CHANGE IN PITCH
• CERATOCRICOID LIGAMENTS - HELD IN PLACE BY THIS  (CERATO- REMINDS YOU OF HORNS OF THYROID) 

• BASE OF ARYTENOID (CONCAVE FACETS) & SUPERIOR SURFACE POSTERIOR QUADRATE LAMINA (CONVEX FACETS ON CRICOID)
• SYNOVIAL/DIARTHRODIAL SADDLE JOINT - ROCKING/GLIDING MOVEMENT OF ARYTENOIDS
• POSTERIOR CRICOARYTENOID LIGAMENT (LIMITS FORWARD MOVEMENT)
• ANTERIOR CRICOARYTENOID LIGAMENT (LIMITS BACKWARD MOVEMENT) 

MADE UP OF:

       CARTILAGES

       CONNECTED BY LIGAMENTS

       COVERED BY MUSCLES

       COVERED BY SMOOTH MUCOUS MEMBRANE

MEMBRANE:  THIN, PLIABLE, SHEET-LIKE STRUCTURE 

   ACTING AS A LINING, PARTITION OR BOUNDARY 

EXTRINSIC -

  ATTACHMENT POINT WITHIN LARYNX

  ATTACHMENT POINT ON STRUCTURE OUTSIDE LARYNX

  BIND LARYNX TO HYOID BONE AND TRACHEA

INTRINSIC -

   BOTH ATTACHMENT POINTS WITHIN LARYNX

   LINK AND SUPPORT LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES

EXTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MEMBRANE

CONNECTS THYROID LAMINAE TO HYOID BONE

      (THICKENS MEDIALLY AND LATERALLY)

LATERAL THYROHYOID LIGAMENT

      CONNECTS SUPERIOR CORNU OF THYROID TO

   POSTERIOR TIP OF GREATER CORNU OF HYOID

      *TRITICIAL CARTILAGE SOMETIMES EMBEDED HERE

MEDIAN THYROIHYOID LIGAMENT

   CONNECTS BODY OF HYOID TO UPPER BORDER OF

   ANTERIOR THYROID CARTILAGE

EXTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MEMBRANE

UNPAIRED, ELASTIC LIGAMENT

BINDS LINGUAL (ANTERIOR) SURFACE OF EPIGLOTTIS TO CORPUS OF HYOID BONE

EXTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MEMBRANE

CONNECTS EPIGLOTTIS TO TONGUE BASE

CREATES VALLECULAE (VALLEY OR POCKETS)

EXTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MEMBRANE

CONNECTS CRICOID TO SUPERIOR TRACHEAL RING

INFERIOR ANCHOR FOR LARYNX

INTRISIC LARYNGEAL MEMBRANE

MOST INTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MEMBRANES ARISE FROM THIS MEMBRANE

DIVISIONS:

SUPERIOR - QUADRANGULAR MEMBRANE

INFERIOR - CONUS ELASTICUS

(CAN ALSO BE CALLED:

CRICOVOCAL MMBRANE

LATERAL CRICOTHYROID

LIGAMENT/MEMBRANE)

INTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MEMBRANE

• ARYEPIGLOTTIC FOLDS - SUPERIOR BORDER - CUNEIFORMS
• FALSE VOCAL FOLDS - INFERIOR BORDER
• COVERS ARE ABOVE VOCAL FOLDS
• ARYTENOIDS TO EPIGLOTTIS TO THYROID
• FORM FALSE VOCAL CORDS
• ALSO CALLED:  (VENTRICULAR FOLDS  AND  VESTIBULAR FOLDS)
• SUPERIOR TO TRUE VOCAL FOLDS                         
• MUCOSAL TISSUE, NOT MUSCLE
• NOT USED FOR TYPICAL PHONATION

INTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MEMBRANE

MAY CONTAIN MUSCLE

UPPER LIMIT OF QUADRANGULAR MEMBRANE

CONNECT LATERAL EPIGLOTTIS TO ARYTENOIDS

FORM PYRIFORM SINUSES LATERALLY

IS THE CRICOTHYROID MEMBRANE

F:  TO BOND THYROID, CRYCOID AND ARYTENOID CARTILAGES

COVERS INTERNAL LARYNX BELOW VOCAL FOLDS

ENDS AT THE FIRST TRACHEAL RING (INFERIOR BOUNDARY)

VOCAL LIAMENT (SUPERIOR BOUNDARY)

**UPPER LIMIT

**INNER TISSUES THAT COMPRISE TRUE VOCAL FOLDS

SUPERIOR TO INFERIOR

QUADRANGULAR MEMBRANE:  ARYEPIGLOTTIC FOLDS, VENTRICULAR LIGAMENTS

CONUS ELASTICUS:  VOCAL LIGAMENTS, MEDIAL AND LATERAL CRICOTHYROID LIGAMENTS

ORIGIN AND INSERSTION WITHIN LARYNX

FINE ADJUSTMENTS OF LARYNGEAL MECHANISM:  OPEN/CLOSE, TENSE/RELAX VOCAL FOLDS

*THYROARYTENOIDS

*POSTERIOR CRICOARYTENOIDS

*LATERAL CRICOARYTENOIDS

*OBLIQUE ARYTENOIDS

*TRANSVERSE ARYTENOIDS

*CRICOTHYROIDS

ONLY 1 ATTACHMENT WITHIN LARYNX

MAJOR POSITIONAL ADJUSTMENTS OF LARYNX

(ELEVATE, DEPRESS)

OFTEN WORK WITH ARTICULATORY MUSCLES

OFTEN USED FOR SWALLOWING PROCESSES

2 BUNDLES

GENERAL ATTACHEMENTS AND FUNCTION:

O:  ANGLE OF THYROID

I:  ARYTENOID

F:  TENSE VOCAL FOLDS

EXP:  THYROVOCALIS

THYROMUSCULARIS

MEDIAL BUNDLE OF THYROARYTENOIDS

O:  ANGLE OF THYROID, POSTERIOR SURFACE

I:  LATERO-INFERIOR ASPECT OF VOCAL PROCESS OF ARYTENOID

LATERAL BUNDLE OF THYROARYTENOIDS

O:  ANGLE OF THYROID, POSTERIOR SURFACE

I:  FOVEA OBLONGA (OVAL DEPRESSION) BASE OF ARYTENOIDS

VOCALIS MUSCLE

MEDIAL MUSCLE OF VOCAL FOLDS

O:  INNER SURFACE OF THYROID ANGLE

I:  VOCAL PROCESS OF ARYTENOID

F:  TENSES VOCAL FOLDS (ANTAGONIST OF CRICOTHYROID

(MUSCULARIS)

O:  INNER SURFACE OF THYROID ANGLE

I:  FOVEA OBLONGA & BASE OF ARYTENOID

F:  ADDUCT AND LENGTHEN VOCAL FOLDS (PULLING ON MUSCULAR PROCESS);  SHORTEN VOCAL FOLDS (PULL IN BASE OF ARYTENOID)

ONLY IN 50% OF THE POPULATION

O:  UPPER LIMIT OF THYROID NOTCH

I:  MUSCULAR PROCESS OF ARYTENOID

F:  TILTS THYROID BACK TO RELAX VOCAL FOLDS

EXHANGE OF GAS BETWEEN ORGANISMS AND ENVIRONMENT

INSPIRATION - PULL AIR IN

EXPIRATION - PUSH AIR OUT

FORCE EXERTED BY AIR MOLECULES ON WALLS OF CONTAINER

FORCE EXERTED UPON AREA

P = F/A

PRESSURE AND AREA INVERSELY RELATED

VOLUME UP -> PRESSURE DOWN

VOLUME DOWN -> PRESSURE UP

P1V1 = P2V2

GIVEN CONSTANT TEMPERATURE

PRESSURE AND VOLUME ARE EQUAL

LARGER AREA/VOLUME = LESS PRESSURE (INHALATION)

SMALLER AREA/VOLUME =MORE PRESSURE(EXHALATION)

PRESSURE

FORCES SEEK EQUILIBRIUM

INCREASE AIR PRESSURE->AIR MOVES TO AREA OF LOWER PRESSURE (AS POSSIBLE)

IF PRESSURE IS EQUAL, NO MOVEMENT (IN 2 AREAS)

DECREASE IN AIR PRESSURE->AIR MOVES IN FROM OUTSIDE

PRESSURE IS RELEVANT OPEN SPACE

POSITIVE AIR PRESSURE = HIGHER THAN ATMOSPHERIC

NEGATIVE AIR PRESSURE=LOWER THAN ATMOSPHERIC

1. INCREASE SIZE (PULLED BY DIAPHRAGM, RIB CAGE)

2.CREATES NEGATIVE AIR PRESSURE IN LUNGS (COMPARED TO OUTSIDE)

3.AIR FLOWS IN TO EQUALIZE PRESSURE

4. LUNGS/THORACIC CAVITY DECREASES IN SIZE(RECOIL, RELAXTION)

5. AIR PRESSURE IN LUNGS BECOMES POSITIVE (COMPARED TO OUTSIDE)

6. AIR MOVES OUT TO EQUALIZE

INVOLVES:

TORQUE

ELASTICITY

GRAVITY

INTRO-ABDOMINAL PRESSURE

HAPPENS DURING PASSIVE EXHALATION

TWISTING 1 END OF A SHAFT

WHEN YOU ELIMINATE THE FORCE OF THE TWIST -> RETURN TO ORIGINAL POSITION

CHONDRAL RIBS - CAPABLE OF BEING TWISTED, SPRING BACK WHEN TWISTING FORCES ARE REMOVED

STRETCHED WITH INHALATION, RECOIL AT BEGINNING OF EXHALATION CYCLE

LUNGS - STRETCHED EVEN IN RELAXED POSITION

HELD TO INSIDE OF RIB CAGE BY PLEURAL LININGS

INHALATION- FURTHER STRETCHING

STOP FORCE - ELASTIC RECOIL TO ORIGINAL POSITION

      CREATES POSITIVE AIR PRESSURE - PUSH AIR OUT

PULLS RIB CAGE DOWN FROM ELEVATED POSITION

BODY POSITION AFFECT RESPIRATION