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| A process involving the sorting, selecting, and sharing of symbols to help a receiver elicit from his or her own mind a meaning similar to that in the mind of the sender |
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| The combination of two media outlets is stronger than the outlets standing alone |
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| the portion of the distribution curve where a large number of people are interested in buying a limited number of products |
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| the portion of the distribution curve where a limited number of people are interested in buying a lot of different products |
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| Cognitive (common), Attitudinal (feelings about a product), Behavioral (buying a product), Psychological (media content aspire feelings) |
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| Marshall McLuhan “The medium is the message”; Meyrowitz (racial changes in society, effects of print as a medium to segregate audiences, electronic media cross |
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| Concern over owner’s control of ideas; long-tail are providing alternative channels |
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Important to know who the audience is comprised of:
geographics – where people live
demographics – gender, race, ethnic background, education, age
psychographics – combination of demographics and lifestyle characteristics and product usage |
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| Issues portrayed as important in the media become important to the public; Donald Shaw and Maxwell McCombs studied voters and found relationship between issues the press considered important and issues that voters considered important |
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| Uses and Gratifications Theory |
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| Views audience members as active receivers of information of their own choosing |
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| Albert Bandura - We are able to learn by observing what other do and the consequences they face |
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| Why people become unwilling to express what they perceive to be a minority opinion: becomes a death spiral of diversity of ideas |
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| Printing Invented and by whom |
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| Johannes Gutenberg (from modifying a winepress)(also invented typemold); Chinese first invented in second century |
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| Started in 1821; year's subscription is two dollars; first truly national medium; had circulation of more than 3 million in 1937 |
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| photographer who is credited with inventing photojournalism in the mid-19th century |
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| Newspapers and the beginning of private ownership |
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| First newspaper in the American Colonies (1690) |
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| Guglielmo Marconi read about Hertz's work with radio transmitters and concluded that he could create a wireless telegraph. Developed formal radio system. |
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| Federal Communications Commission - federal agency charged with regulating telecommunications, including radio and television broadcasting |
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| Edwin S. Porter produced movie and helped establish how stories could be told through film |
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| Melies' famous film from 1902 |
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| 1927, first talking film. Actually a silent film with two talking and singing segments |
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| created portable movie camera; set standards for the speed/format of film; produced A Trip to the Moon; |
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| "man who invented electronic television," idea came to him while he was tilling a potato field |
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| Russion immigrant that was developing television for Sarnoff at RCA the same time as Farnsworth, but Farnsworth won race |
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| Major provider of viewership data. Company keeps track of the shows watched in 9000 homes located across the US |
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| television and radio rating service that publishes regular reports for selected markets |
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| word coined by Gibson and is used extensively to describe the Internet and the interactions that take place there |
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| The address of content placed on the web |
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| the standard set of rules used by Web servers and browsers for sending and receiving text, graphics or anything else on the Web site. |
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| the programming language used to creat Web pages. It consists of all the tage (brief computer commands) that say how text ought to be presents, where graphic should be place, and what links should be included. |
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| A published statement that unjustifiably exposes someone to ridicule or contempt. It must satisfy three elements: defamation, identification, and publication |
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| Intrusion, Embarassment, False Light, Misappropriation |
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| a judicial order that stops a media organization from publishing or broadcasting a story or image. Near v. Minnesota landmark case ruled that the government could engage in prior restraint only to suppress military information during time of war, incitement to overthrow the government, or obscenity |
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| obscenity – sexually explicit material that is legally prohibited from being published. Roth V. US – established 3 part test to determine whether something is obscene. Miller v. California – states have rights to ban child pornography and other types of content; serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific valued materials cannot be banned |
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| Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances |
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| Allowed wire taps and increased domestic surveillance, widened the definition of terrorism. Can be used to find out who journalist’s sources are |
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| Controlling content of media |
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| small number of highly profitable big businesses run media |
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| Sources: advertiser, special interest group, news source, audience |
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| the candidate's success depends in part on how well his or her basic message resonates with voters' preexisting political feelings |
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| campaigns seens as a competition for the hearts and minds of voters (candidate's response to an attack critical as the attack itself) |
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| took over New England Courant after James Franklin goes to jail; then purchases Pennsylvania Gazette; Developed lending library; Eventually Poor Richard's Almanac |
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| an abstract symbol that stands for an object or an idea |
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| earliest form of writing was the which consisted of pictures of objects painted on rock walls |
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| a system of writing in which symbols stand for spoken sounds rather than for objects or ideas; developed around 2000 B.C. |
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| letters representing individual sounds; were developed between 1700 BC and 1500BC |
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| Good Housekeeping, McCall’s, Redbook, Ladies’ Home Journal, Woman’s day, Better homes and gardens, Family circle |
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| Modern Maturity- The original name for AARP was established in 1958, AARP is the largest circulation magazine in the world |
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| Navy took control of all radio technology but following WWI the governement released their control to RCA |
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| CBS's European director during WWII reported during the bombing in London - hosted See It Now and covered lightweight topics |
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| Silent film director of The Birth of Nations which was the most expensive movie to date; also directed Intolerance which marked the point at which outside financial backing became necessary |
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| Factors of Movie Profitability |
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| Spanish-language broadcast network is the fifth largest network |
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| much smaller than Univision, but popular Spanish-language network |
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| 24 hour network that attempts to appeal to nonwhite audiences; successfull because advertisers wanting to reach nonwhite consumers |
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| ABC, NBC, CBS local affiliates |
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| Percentage of Worldwide internet saturations |
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| 16% of world has internet access |
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| Percentage of US internet saturation |
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| 73% of Americans have internet access at home |
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| An FCC policy that requires broadcast stations to make equivalent amounts of broadcast time available to all candidates running for political office |
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| John Peter Zenger and First Amendment |
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| An independe editor of the New York Journal in 1733 accused Governor Cosby of political corruption for replacign supreme court justices he disagreed with, was taken for trial for writing against the government; found not guilty and established truth as a defense against libel |
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| Role of the consumer; how informed you are about the process of mass communication; |
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| Abililty to intellectually process information communication by the media; Interpreting the meaning of words on a printed page, appreciating the implications of ominous music in a movie; skills necessary to access the media, ie using computer |
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| Feelings/reactions to media messages; emotions can be overwhelming, ie watching the movie Titanic |
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| Interpreting media content from and artistic or critical point of view; how well is the media artifacct produced? What skills were used in producing it? Critiquing quality of messages |
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| Examining the values of the medium or message; what attitudes, values, beliefs are being transmitted? |
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| Six types of human communication |
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| Intrapersonal (one), Interpersonal (two), Small Group (three or more), Public Speaking (one to many), Mass Communication (one to many) |
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| Ownership of Media Statistics |
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| Industrial Revolution and Rotary Press |
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| Steam powered; could print 16000 sections a day |
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| Advertiser controlling content of media |
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| advertising supports the commercial media. Advertisers can threaten to remove ads if they don’t like certain stories. Some don’t want their ads around controversy |
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| Special Interest group controlling content of media |
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| put pressure on the media either to avoid dealing with particular topics in what they consider to be an offensive manner or to stay away from certain topics altogether |
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| News Source controlling content of media |
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| government, businesses, celebrities, etc |
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| Audience controlling content of media |
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| if audience is not there, media are not likely to carry the programming. Media companies do research to gauge audience member’s interests |
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