Term
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Definition
| a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic form by means of which men communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes toward life” |
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Term
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Definition
Organization as…. novel or literary text, a symbolic environment in which organizing is accomplished
Communication as… interpretation and representation through the creation, transformation and maintenance of meanings |
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Term
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Definition
actions, ways of thinking, practices, stories, and artifacts that characterize a particular organization
Culture emerges from how people use symbols
Culture induces people to think, act and behave in a particular way |
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Term
| Cultural elements (Schein’s onion model) |
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Definition
Outside level: Artifacts (e.g., tangible objects), Metaphors, Rituals, Stories, Heroes/Heroines, Performances
Mid-level: Values (strategies, goals, principles considered ideal that create guidelines for organizational behavior)
Core level: Basic assumptions (subtle, abstract, implicit) |
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Term
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Definition
Culture is a rational instrument designed by top management to shape the behavior of the employees in purposive ways (e.g., to increase effectiveness)
Culture = Something an organization “has”
Culture is seen as a variable that can be managed by leadership
Prescriptive approach |
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Term
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Definition
Culture = something an organization “is”
Culture cannot be managed; it emerges
Leaders don’t create cultures; members do
Networks of meaning
Created and developed over time
Numerous subcultures, some in conflict
Employees’ stories and Management’s stories |
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Term
| Critical and postmodern view |
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Definition
Examines issue of domination associated with culture (power, voice, and status quo)
Integration – favors the stories of those in power – wide consensusculture as a consistent, clear, unambiguous monologue
Differentiation – looks for differences Disney subcultures
Fragmentation – focus on the expression and experience of ambiguity within org cultures, where consensus and dissensus coexist. This perspective replaces certainty with ambiguity, contradiction, tension, irony as models of interpretation. Ambiguity can be used by both management to support its interest and by employees to cope with org. problems. |
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Term
| Three Perspectives on Organizational Culture |
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Definition
Practical view
2. The Interpretive view
3. Critical and postmodern view |
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Term
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Definition
Differentiates organizations
Provides identity
Enhances a social system
Facilitates commitment
Facilitates control |
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Term
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Definition
Any one value, belief or assumption
What someone says it is
Just the habits and practices of an organization
The social structure of the organization
An organization’s trademark symbol or phrase
A professional culture
Equivalent to industry characteristics
Static |
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Term
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Definition
| Those ongoing behavioral and cognitive processes by which individuals join, become integrated into, and exit organizations. |
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Term
Assimilation is a dual process
Organization influences individual
Socialization = the process by which organizational “outsiders” become “insiders”
How individuals learn the values, beliefs, orientations, behaviors, and skills necessary to fulfill their new roles and function effectively in an organization (Van Maanen & Schein, 1979)
Individual influences organization
Individualization |
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Definition
Organization influences individual
Socialization = the process by which organizational “outsiders” become “insiders”
How individuals learn the values, beliefs, orientations, behaviors, and skills necessary to fulfill their new roles and function effectively in an organization (Van Maanen & Schein, 1979)
Individual influences organization
Individualization |
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Term
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Definition
Anticipatory socialization
Encounter
Metamorphosis
Exit / Disengagement |
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Term
| Anticipatory Socialization |
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Definition
Socialization that occurs before entry into the organization. Encompasses both socialization to an occupation (vocational) and socialization to an organization (organizational)
associated with childhood and teenage years. We learn notions of work ethic and the meaning of work from family. Maybe some of you received an allowance from your family for work you did around the house. You also witnessed and overheard your parents talk about their work and their feelings. You also saw movies and TV shows portraying certain careers in a certain way |
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Term
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Definition
Sense making stage that occurs when a new employee enters the organization. The newcomer must let go of old roles and values in adapting to the expectations of the new organization.
a phase marked by uncertainty and anxiety where the individual is engaged in intensive learning through direct observation, interaction, asking questions, or overhearing. Associated with the years after college or highschool |
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Term
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Definition
| The state reached at the “completion” of the socialization process. The new employee is now accepted as an organizational insider |
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Term
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Definition
| Due to transfers, turnover, retirement. Unless it is sudden (e.g., death), exit is a process not an event, involving mutual withdrawal of those who stay and those who leave. |
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| Critiques of the stage model of socialization |
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Definition
Privileging the organization, marginalizing the individual
The assumption that there is an inside and an outside separated by the organizational boundary
Anticipatory socialization devalues non-organizational work
Anticipatory socialization assumes a linear temporal alignment of school and career and fails to include different life experiences |
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