Term
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Definition
Any message: whether intentional or unintentional
not using spoken or written symbols
Which is interpreted as meaningful by another party
-Intention is irrelevant, just that the other party took meaning away from what you did |
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Term
| wo reasons for studying Nonverbal Communication |
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Definition
1) Increase one’s flexibility and control as a sender
2) Increase one’s accuracy in interpreting others’ nonverbal behavior |
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Term
| Functions of Nonverbal Communication (5) |
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Definition
Emblems
Illustrators
Affect displays
Regulators
Adapter |
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Term
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Definition
Substitute for verbal messages
-Eye roll, pointing, “come here” |
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Term
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Definition
Supplement verbal message
-Provide additional information to better understand, like counting on fingers when saying a countdown for a picture |
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Term
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Definition
upplement verbalized feelings
-Pause, no eye contact
-Subtle nonverbal affect display saying what |
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Term
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Definition
Control the flow of conversation
-Tone change, physical interference to signal that the person is done talking
-When should I talk, when is the other person still talking |
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Term
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Definition
Relieve tension/stress through self-touching
-Usually on the face, mouth for stress reduction (suck thumb, play w/hair, touch face/lips)
-Using behavior not to express message but to relieve stress |
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Term
| Two Preliminary Considerations on Nonverbal Communication |
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Definition
1) Much nonverbal behavior is culture bound
2) There are norms governing the acceptability of nonverbal behaviors
You have a normative expectation of what should happen
When this is violated, you notice it |
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Term
| Latitude of Acceptability |
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Definition
Too much or Too little and you notice non-normative behavior
-Eye contact for too long is communicating flirting? |
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Term
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Definition
=Spatial Messages
Territoriality
Informal space |
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Term
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Definition
Any behavior used to identify as space as your own or to defend that fixed space
Have a sense that a location is “yours” like your table at Wilson or where you study
-Spatial Markers: Put out your bag and coat across an entire table that is for you
-Tenure: Over time |
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Term
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Definition
Proxemics
Bubble of personal space
-Changes based on what kind of interaction |
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Term
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Definition
Broad base of behaviors
-Gestures, Postures, Adaptors, Eye contact, Facial expressions, General body movement |
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Term
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Definition
Physical attributes
Clothing, Body modifications
-People will judge first impressions on physical expression |
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Term
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Definition
Major vocal characteristics including...
Speaking rate, Volume, Vocal animation, Vocal interferences, Dialects/Accents
-Regional variations
-Implications to accents (Southern accent makes you friendly and stupid)
Animation: Will engage or disengage
Vocal Interferences: Um, uh, like, you know, tsk, *lip smacking*, okay?
-Hurt perceptions of credibility (valley girl speak) |
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Term
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Definition
Used to communicate friendliness, caring, status, aggression, sexuality, regulate interaction
-Learn and develop normative constraints on how, who, where we touch
-Touch possibly most ambiguous of nonverbal codes because its meaning depends on:
Nature of the relationship - Teacher/student
Age and gender of other person - Opposite gender
Situation - Door open/close
Where we were touched - Shoulder or leg or thorax
How long the touch lasted |
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Term
| Chronemics (Informal Time) - 3 types |
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Definition
-Duration: How long should the activity last?
-Activity: When should the activity occur during a 24 hour day/cycle?
-Punctuality: How close to the actual meeting time should people arrive? |
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Term
| 3 Dimensions of Speaker Credibility |
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Definition
Competence: Informed, knowledgeable intelligent, qualified
Trustworthy: Honest, straightforward, sincere
Dynamic: Forceful, active, bold |
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Term
Put together a speech
1: Preliminaries |
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Definition
1)Select a topic
2)Determine the Speech Purpose (general and specific)
3)Analyze the Audience
4)Analyze the Occasion or Setting |
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Term
Put together a speech
2: Topic |
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Definition
1)Write a Thesis Statement
2)Clarify the Proposition |
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Term
Put together a speech
3: Research |
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Definition
1)Identify potential sources
2) Develop a Prospectus |
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Term
Put together a speech
4: Outline
5: Focused research |
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Definition
-ALWAYS work on the Body 1st
1)Analyze the topic
-Identify Major points
2)Construct the basic outline
-Identify organizational structure
1)Locate additional support |
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Term
Speech Purpose:
-General Purposes
-Specific Purpose |
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Definition
1-Informative
2-Persuasive*
3-Entertaining
Expected audience response |
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Term
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Definition
Prior knowledge
Existing beliefs and attitudes |
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Term
| Analyze the Occasion or Setting |
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Definition
Length
Audience size
Location (room)
Prior activities of audience |
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Term
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Definition
Focus of presentation
-A full declarative sentence |
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Term
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Definition
-List out all possible points
Personal ideas
Research points
-Do not limit yourself, this is whatever you want! = Brainstorm |
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Term
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Definition
| For a persuasive speech, major points always answer the question WHY does this persuade audience towards your topic? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Reasons for support: Prove
Clarify
Add interest to your points
-Examples, participation, graphic pictures, get people involved
-Types of support to locate
Examples
Facts
Statistics
Expert testimony, quotes
Analogies/Comparisons |
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Term
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Definition
1: Restatement of thesis
Just say it again, don’t add anything
2: Summary of major points
I’ve told you that this is safe and doesn’t have future issues
Review = Keep it simple, stupid!
3: Final motivational appeal
End with something that makes the audience feel |
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Term
| Modes of Delivery / Styles of Delivery (4) |
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Definition
-Impromptu: A few moments to prepare, no notes, speak from memory
-Manuscript/Scripted Speaking: Time in advance, Write out entire speech
Use: Speaking for the record, discipline board, grievance file, but there is a difference between written and spoken communication (boring) with downsides, Delivery suffers if you read off a page b/c you can’t look at the audience, Use if delivery doesn’t count
-Memorized: Impressive, Credibility-Trustworthy, Dynamism, Hard to do, Hard to recover from stumbling/forgetting/blanking
-Extemporaneous: Planned, researched, outlined in advance, Wording of the speech will vary every time you present it
Major points written out, Statistics written out
Explanations and wording comes from you
How you get the message across is consistent, but exact wording is slightly different every time |
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Term
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Definition
Personal Pronouns
Rhetorical questions
Sharing experiences
Simple language
Vivid language
Emphasis |
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Term
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Definition
Visual
-Eye contact
-Appearance (dress nicer)
-Gestures
-Posture
-Body movement (dynamism)
=Energy, animation, keep audience involved
-Facial expressions
Vocal
-Speaking rate
-Volume
-Vocal interferences (um...)
-Animation (conviction) |
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Term
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Definition
Genetic component
Traumatic moment
Negative self reinforcement - Negative feedback
Self-talk - Listen to yourself when you feel nervous and what you think will happen |
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Term
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Definition
Rational reality
Facilitative anxiety
Visualize/Cognitive restructuring
Recommendations
Extensive practice |
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Term
| Major approaches to persuasion |
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Definition
1) Logos: Logical argument
2) Pathos: Emotional or motivational appeals
3)Ethos: Speaker credibility, influenced by...a good argument |
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Term
| Importance of Good Listening |
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Definition
1 Demonstrates caring and concern
2 Enhances personal worth
Validate merit
3 Prevents mistakes
4 Diffuse difficult situations |
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Term
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Definition
Listening =/= Hearing
Listening =/= Agreement
Listening =/= Passively receiving information |
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Term
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Definition
HAUER
Heard
Attended to
Understood
Evaluated
Remembered |
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Term
| % Waking hours spent listening |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1 Listening for pleasure (appreciation)
2 Listen for comprehension
3 Listen to critically evaluate
4 Listen to provide response helpful |
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Term
| Five Stages of Listening - H |
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Definition
Hearing: Passive, physiological process
a. As long as physiological function is intact, you will hear |
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Term
| Five Stages of Listening - A |
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Definition
Attending: Psychological process
a. Focus
b. Skills: Hear the person out before acting
Resist mental distractions – Choose to control them or not |
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Term
| Five Stages of Listening - U |
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Definition
Understanding: Active listening skills
Active Listening Skills
a. Empathizing
b. Questioning – Appropriate
c. Paraphrases – Take what you understood the person to have just said and saying it in your own words, and say it back to them
a. Avoid distortion, listening errors |
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Term
| Five Stages of Listening - E |
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Definition
Evaluating: Facts vs Inferences
a. Facts: Data piece
b. Interferences: Generalization gleaned from facts
c. Tell the differences b/w the two
i. Some are true, some are not true – You need to figure it out!
d. There needs to be understanding before evaluation |
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Term
| Five Stages of Listening - R |
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Definition
Remembering: Switch info from short to long term memory
a. Rehearsal – Mental rehearsal
b. Mnemonics – Artificial memory techniques
i. Allows us to regenerate info based on familiar acronym, ect
c. Regrouping – Make major ideas to regenerate longer list, “Chunking”
d. Note-taking – Minimalist or extensive isn’t good |
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Term
| Ineffective Listening Behaviors (6) |
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Definition
1 Pseudolistening (pretending)
2 Selectively listening (to things we like)
3 Assimilation to prior messages
4 Content avoidance (to things you don't like(
5 Defensive listening (makes everything a personal attack)
6 Internal debating (wait for other person to stop b/c have something to say) |
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Term
| Obstacles/Barriers to Listening that cause ineffective listening |
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Definition
1 Inaccurate assumptions about listening
2 Noise - Internal or external
3 Pre-Judgement
4 Thought-Speech Time Differential
5 Egocentrism |
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Term
| Obstacles/Barriers to Listening |
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Definition
Inaccurate assumptions about listening
I shouldn’t be tired, emotional after listening
Noise: External or Internal
Worried about things later in the day doesn’t make you a good listener
Pre-Judging the speaker/content
Take off glasses in distracting area
Thought-Speech Time Differential
People talk 120 words per minute, and comprehend 400 words per minute
Attention diverted
Egocentrism – Would rather talk than listen
Waste of time? |
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