Term
| Characteristics of old media vs. new media |
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Definition
-Old Media: degrades faster, device specific, fixed, physical objects
-New Media: takes away materiality of media, possibility of interactivity |
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Term
| Gibsonian & Barlovian Cyberspace |
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Definition
-Gibsonian: William Gibson, symbolic cyberspace found in fiction & film
-Barlovian: John Perry Barlow, cyperspace as as computer mediated communication, social spaces that really exist online, represents the mediation of reality & image |
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Term
| Material vs. Symbolic stories |
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Definition
-Material: what technology is
-Symbolic: what technolgy means |
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Term
| Technological Determinism vs. Social Shaping of Technology |
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Definition
| -Technological Determinsim- a belief that technology alone has power to transform society. 2 strains of thought, 1 enthusiastic, 1 critica. Q: what is the relationship between technology & society? -Social Shaping of Technology- Explores range of factors which pattern the design & implementation of technology. Q:what were the circumstances that brought about this tech? why was this innovation made by these ppl? why was it possible at this time/place & not some other? -SST Criticisms of TD: tech seen as operation autonomously, monocausal, highlights "inevitability", produces utopian/distopian binaries, universalism |
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Term
Views of Communication:
Transmission vs. Ritual |
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Definition
-Transmission: something imparted, interchanged, or transmitted
-about getting your message out as far as possible (ex: radio)
-Ritual: Process through which a shared culture is created, modified & transformed. maintenance of society over time, ongoing (ex: telling niece about santa) |
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Term
| Time Bias vs. Space Biased Media |
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Definition
-Time Biased: heavy, durable (statues, clay tablets), oral tradition, persistant & difficult to destroy
-Space Biased: light, portable, short lifespan (paper, telegraph)
-Stability requires balance of the two |
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Term
| Synchronous vs. Asynchronous Communication |
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Definition
-Synchronous: Chatrooms, MOOs & MUDs
-Asynchronous: Homepages, blogs, discussion forums |
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Term
| Silicon Valley vs. Silicon Alley |
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Definition
Valley:(Palo Alto, San Fran, Mountain View, CA) *Built on tech culture *Google, Facebook, Digg, Twitter, eBay, *fed off counter culture attitude & aesthetic of SF, *SF community loathed "yuppies"; displacement of artists
-Alley: (lower Manhatten, mainly Chelsea & Flat Iron districts) *Built on media culture,*Doubleclick, Razorfish (90s), online magazines, Hotjobs, iVillage, MTVi, *worked to reproduce look & feel of silicon valley, *city gov supported the creation of the "district", *Gentrification of abandoned downtown |
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Term
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Definition
-Who is speaking to whom? (1 to 1? 1 to many? many to many?)
-Time/space taxanomy (synchronous vs asynchronous, monologue/dialogue/multilogue?) |
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Term
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Definition
-ARPA funded sights
-idea to link ARPA funded mainframes
-BBW wins contract (1966)
-ARPANET 1969 managed by Lawrence Roberts |
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Term
| Differences of Internet & the Web |
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Definition
-Internet: a globally distributed network of computer networks that use a common set of protocols for linking hardware & transmitting info (email, mailing lists, Bulletin Board Systems-BBS, MUDs, Commercial Online Service) hierarchical classification systems, addressing scheme, HTTP, HTML, browser/ editor
-Web: makes random associations (like human mind)
-Internet= the network. Web= way of getting around the internet- Hypertext, URL, images 1991-Tim Berners-Lee |
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Term
| Factors contributing to Gopher's demise |
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Definition
-UMN licenses Gopher for commercial users
-changing cultural assumptions about the way info ought to be ordered
-Gophers fixed hierarchy becomes a liability, flexibility of hypertext valuable
-success of new browser, Mosiac |
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Term
| Reasons for/against "community" metaphor for online groups |
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Definition
-For: public, long enough standing, sufficient human feeling
-Against: takes time to build connections, what is/who judges human feeling, VERY vague, need something more easily understood |
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Term
| Web's impact on MSM & Journalism |
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Definition
MSM
-opens the previously closed system of gate keepers
-lowers the barriers to entry for news commentary
-changes balance of power between producers & consumers
-24 hr news cycle replaces appointment model
-"serious reporting" lacks a business model
Journalism
-blogs can make MSM more accountable
-blogs cover issues MSM bypasses
-blogs increase press criticism "keep fourth estate in check"
-"news as lecture" gives way to "news as conversation" |
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Term
| Bloggers vs. Journalists debate |
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Definition
Bloggers
-vividness of 1st person account
-immediacy
-lack of structure
-rarely "unearth" facts, instead opinionate
Journalists
-credible
-mudslinging & scalp hunting
-reliable fact checking |
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Term
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Definition
Identity in cyberculture theory:
-linked to post-modernism
-self as fragmented, complex, multiple, de-centered
-liberating to abandon confines of self
-arguments based on psychoanalytic & literary theory
Identity in Social Science Theory
-ctitiques cyberculture theory as too radical (have to look at mainstream pop culture)
-identity construction/selfhood as a product of social forces both on & offline
-analyze wider range of experiences & identities |
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Term
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Definition
History of Technologies Presence
-Morton Heilig's Sensorama
-Ivan Sutherland's "The Ultimate Display" (head-mounted display simulates 3D vision)
-NASA VIEWlab (responds to body position, voice, gesture
-Recent: Cave (military simulations, architectural work throughs |
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Term
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Definition
-Vannevar Bush: Memex
-Ted Nelson: Xanadu (designed to compensate authors of literary works)
-Douglas Engelbart: NLS (oN Line System)
-Apple's Hypercard (1st widespread hypermedia authoring system for personal computers)
-Michael Joyce: "Afternoon Astray" (hypertext novel published on floppy disk)
-Tim Berners-Lee: World Wide Web |
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Term
| Theories of Interactivity |
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Definition
Extractive
-text-based experience aimed at finding and connecting info (hypertext)
Immersive
-moving around 3D worlds (gaming)
Registrational
-opportunities to "write back into" text (online forums, MUDs) |
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Term
| Tim Berners-Lee's vision of WWW |
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Definition
-tool for collaboration
-all users would also have their own webspace
-users create their own links between pages
-equality of all documents
-a global hypertext system, operating on top of the Internet that enables electronic communication of text, graphics, audio & video
-a way to bring multi-media to Internet
-URL: addressing scheme |
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Term
| Approaches to Internet Studies |
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Definition
Semiotics
-analyzing a text as a system of signs
Aesthetics
-focuses on perceptions of beauty & form
Political Economy
-power relations surrounding media production, distribution, consumption under capitalism
-critiques of media conglomeration
-often advocates policy solutions |
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Term
| Arguments for/against Internet as Democratic |
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Definition
For
-decentralized network, distributed power
-many-to-many communication
-easy/quick info access = the informed citizen
-"Equality of all documents" (hypertext)
-Reciprocity
-diversification of communication channels
Against
-not everyone has access
-can't vote online (gov not fully online)
-commercially controlled |
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Term
| Network Neutrality Debate |
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Definition
For
-content providers (eBay, Google, Craigslist)
-non-profit groups
-Bloggers
-Consumers Rights groups
-Barack Obama
-Argue: network promised in 90s but never given? breaks fundamental principles of Internet: equal access, protects freedom of speech, common carriage
Against
-Telecom industry (AT&T, Bell South, Verizon)
-cable providers
-manufacturers of network equip
-Argue: neutrality would restrict competition, co's that invest should be able to offer premium services, should trust ISPs to behave |
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Term
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Definition
-Broadband Technologies Opportunity Program (BTOP)
-By 2020- 100 Mbps to 100 million homes
-Broadband should be: open, universally accessible, call for transparency
-Cost #1 concern (additional $350 billion for 100 mbps to everyone) |
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Term
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Definition
-Disability Divides
-idea that economic, social & political future will be driven by comp/internet tech
-so, those who lack access to tech. will be left behind
3 phases
-early 90's- access (physical)
-late 90's-00's- quality of access
-2005-Present- "Digital Inclusion"
Broadband divide (expanding broadband access part of Obama's stimulus plan) |
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Term
| Speculative Bubble Stages |
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Definition
-Displacement: starts w/ changed expectations about the future
-Boom: prices rise sharply, skepticism gives way as sight of easy $ lures investors & keeps prices rising
-Euphoria: prices lose all connection w/ reality & established rules of investing are forsaken
-Bust: prices plummet, investors & companies go bankrupt & the economy heads into recession |
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Term
| Reasons for dotcom boom/bust |
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Definition
-the business plan of these startups were confused & teams were inexperienced
-companies reporting huge losses
-frightened investors pulled capital support
-people weren't spending money online, lacked speed & access
-too much too fast |
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Term
| Key phases of dotcom boom/bust |
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Definition
Boom
-Graphic internet stage
-Industry
Euphoria
-E-commerce & cinematic web
-Rise of flash sites ("skip intro")
-Design metaphors
-Industry
Bust
-design for usability
-paves way for "web 2.0" |
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Term
| Borrowed Cultural traditions & interfaces |
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Definition
Borrowed Cultural Traditions
-reservoir of metaphors & conventions from: print, cenema, general purpose HCI
1.print- format of books, newspapers, mags= web "pages", scrolling, bookmarks
2.cinema- framing as partial view of larger space, editing techniques
3.general purpose HCI
Interfaces
-"we are no longer interfacing to a computer but to culture encoded in digital form"
- 1990's- comp as universal media machine (no longer simulator)
-DVD menu's, web sites, vid games |
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Term
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Definition
Remediation- interaction of 2 tendencies
-Transparent Immediacy: we dont see mediation, we get pulled into it
-Hypermediation: focus on the media itself |
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Term
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Definition
-Foucalt idea-panopticism: inmates internalize surveillance (ppl surveil themselves)
-Agre- capture model of privacy: personal info as commodity
-Infrastructures of visibility: systems of ID, tracking, profiling, etc. compromise our choice to disclose |
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Term
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Definition
Dannah Boyd
-spaces/audiences bound together through networked media
-characteristics= persistence, searchability, replicability, invisible audiences
-imagined audience |
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Term
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Definition
*economic goodness
-cost effective alternative to current system
-survive bombing
-timesharing- allow many to interact at same time
-for every day ppl, easy, user friendly
-social
-help British companies be globally competitive
-NPC funding
-worried about tech gap |
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Term
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Definition
CERN
-frustrated w/ hierarchical classification systems
-make random associations, like mind
-CERN uses hypertext model
-key to universal system is decentralization
-WWW
-URL- addressing scheme |
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Term
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Definition
*nuclear war thing
-works for RAND
-wanted to create communication device for military
-"Go/No Go"
-Nodes enable packet switching from distributed networks |
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Term
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Definition
-connects all networks together (bring U researchers together)
-ARPANET
-uses Davies & Baran's ideas combined
-has $ (defense agency: ARPA)
-PACKET SWITCHING |
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Term
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Definition
Memex
"As We May Think"
-desk, w/ traits, influenced Engelbart, never built |
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Term
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Definition
-"information space" idea
-bitmapped display, direct manipulation, mouse
-NLS (oN Line System) |
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Term
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Definition
| -Defines commuunities as -public -long enough standing -sufficient human feeling |
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Term
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Definition
-how data is transmitted across a distributed netowkr
-data broken into packets
-sent independently through network
-reordered at destination |
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Term
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Definition
-users had to punch their programs onto cards & submit them
-keypunch machine used to make punch cards
cards fed into reader attached to mainframe & run in batches |
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Term
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Definition
| -allow many to interact at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
-"a word adopted by computer users to denote the digital manifestation that humans take on when entering digital worlds"
-digital representation of the self, proxy that stands in for the self (cursor)
-can be textual or graphical |
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Term
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Definition
-"The Ultimate Display"
-Head Mounted Display (HMD) simulates 3D vision by offering each eye slightly dif. vision |
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Term
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Definition
the means through which we interact w/ the machine system
-hardware= mouse, keyboard, touch-screen
-software= command-line interface (textual), GUI (graphical user interface) now
-interface metaphor's shape the ways we imagine computing |
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Term
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Definition
University of Minnesota (1991)
-a "user friendly" distributed document search & retrieval network protocol designed for the Internet
-Hierarchical menu system
-Command-line Interface (no graphics) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Nakamura
-research in Lambda Moo shows
-passing (roleplay across gender/race) widesperead
-temporary & recreational, like vacation
-"default" identities assumed to be white
-when race mentioned-users re-enact racial & gender stereotypes
-players who describe themselves in racial terms are "hostile"
-Empathy not enhanced by online roll playing |
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Term
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Definition
-yahoo, google, etc.
-big media's quest for "synergy"
-power to push content, expand their markets |
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Term
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Definition
Human Computer Interaction
-interaction between a human & a machine, mediated by an interface |
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Term
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Definition
Graphical User Interface
-what we use now |
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Term
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Definition
Initial Public Offering
-a company's 1st sale of stock to the public |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Uniform Resource Labor
-addressing scheme |
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Term
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Definition
Hyper-text Markup Language
-the language web pages are written in |
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Term
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Definition
| -a non-sequential text which provides a network of links to other texts |
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Term
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Definition
Computer Mediated Communication
-interaction between humans in which the computer serves as the medium |
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Term
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Definition
| 1986 -originally 5 super-computers -agrees to manage Internet backbone -Internet's 1st period of rapid adoption -replaces ARPANET in 1990 -No commercial use |
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Term
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Definition
| -set of rules for computers to interact |
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Term
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Definition
-managed by Larry Roberts
-institutions connected to it
-explosive growth of computer networking
-connects host computers (43 by 1975) |
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Term
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Definition
(Cultural Studies)
-the appropriation & manipulation of the meanings of commodities by youth subcultures
-"symbolic creativity"
-ex: safety pin |
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Term
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Definition
Internet Service Provider
-control over infrastructure to benefit from commerce over their systems |
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Term
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Definition
-brought to pupular audience by Apple Mactintosh
-"the failings come from taking the metaphor too literally" Johnson
-cultural assumptions built into intercases |
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Term
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Definition
| -counter-cultural vision of computing as decentralized, democratic, empowering |
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Term
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Definition
-Self publishing, outside of "official" channels or distribution
-online diaries, making private self public |
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Term
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Definition
| -new information elite that worked with digital tech & valued a bohemian lifestyle |
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Term
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Definition
-Term coined by William Gibson, sci-fi writer
-Neuromancer (literary genre- "cyberpunk", subgenre of sci-fi)
-an imagined merger between the internet & virtual reality |
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Term
| Equality of All Documents |
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Definition
Berners-Lee's vision of the web
-all documents have equal chance of being found |
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Term
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Definition
-site where deliberations about important civic concerns occur & public consensus takes shape
-internet a public sphere? |
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Term
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Definition
-WWW browser editor for NEXT computers
-Line Mode browser for all computers including terminals
-Mosaic= 1st graphical browser
-Netscape Navigator: commercial version of Mosaic
-IPO triggered dotcom boom
-Internet Explorer: surpassed Netscape in 99 due to distribution advantage |
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Term
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Definition
-companies wanted to appeal to artists (creative labor, early adopters of WWW. "sacrificial labor")
-attract creative problem solvers
-ability to keep up w/ new skills
-manifests as college educated, young people |
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Term
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Definition
-Virtual communities:
-virtual-exists but know it through its effect (ex: gravity)
-Communities involve communication
-communities have norms, shared values
-open to change in def. of community
-obligation is important |
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Term
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Definition
-Advantages of the Internet for democracy
-hesitant to go all the way w/ this...
-Internet allows for too much customization & personalization
-ppl won't pay attention to the important
-losing "chance encounters"
-end up in situation where we only talk to like minded ppl |
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Term
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Definition
| -situation where we only talk to like minded people -each group moves further apart |
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Term
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Definition
Response to Sunstein
-references 2 slogans from 60's:
"The whole world is watching" & "Will the Revolution be televised?"
-digital media is a way of democratizing the press
-internet still does have chance encounters |
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Term
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Definition
"The Language of New Media"
-HCI as key semiotic code of information society (Human-Computer Interface)
-Interface imposes its own logic & models of thinking on user |
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Term
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Definition
-networked public
-new definition of privacy/public
-hyperpublic (public info being too public/broadcasted)
-Google invited her to HQ to explain her point/ |
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Term
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Definition
-online text based environment
-a specific kind of MUD |
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Term
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Definition
| -supporters/fans who don't actually do anything, like real activism |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Internet as commodity vs. Internet utility |
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Definition
-commodity: like cable, you can opt to have it
-utility: everyone needs it |
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