1.      Tort: able to sue and get money! ($$)

a.      Intrusion: upon selection or solitude, or into private affairs = being in someone’s personal space (physical), ex. Looking through a window on private property

                                                    i.     There is no 1^st amendment immunity intrusion cases

                                                   ii.     No publication necessary

b.      Public Disclosure: of embarrassing private facts

c.      Inaccurate Reporting: publicity which places a person in a false light in the public eye

d.      Appropriation identity: (the big win, get you $$)*, easiest one to prove

1.      What determines people being able to take photographs and publish them without being worried

a.      Commercial use

                                                    i.     ___

b.     Appropriation of name or likeliness

                                                    i.     Unauthorized use or benefit from another’s name or likeliness

                                                   ii.     Must appropriate a person’s identity (reputation, prestige, social or commercial standing, etc.)

                                                  iii.     Under common law, use or benefit need not to be commercial

                                                  iv.     To sue successfully, person must be readily identifiable 

a.      Dietemann v. Time

                                                    i.     Illustrates that there is no blanket newsworthiness privilege in intrusion cases.

a.      Florida Star v. BJF

a.      Cox Broadcasting v. Cohen the Supreme Court

a.      Zurcher v. Stanford Daily

  i.     The Supreme Court held that the 1^st amendment does not protect news media from police searches

                                                   ii.     But searches have to be based on reasonable grounds (warrant)

                                                  iii.     Zurcher Exceptions:

1.      Person holding info suspected of crime

2.      Information needed to prevent death/harm

3.      Giving notice would lead to destruction

4.      Info not produced in response to court order that was confirmed on appeal

a.      Shulman v. Group W Productions

  i.     The court held that an accident victim might have an enforceable expectations of privacy

                                                   ii.     In conversations with medical personal at the scene

Inside a rescue helicopter

a.      Hustler v. Falwell**, p.69

    i.     The Supreme Court limited claims of intentional infliction of emotional distress arising from harsh parodies in the media

                                                   ii.     Ruled that public figures must show that the offensive communication alleged facts and was published with actual malice

a.      Nebraska case (Nebraska Press Association v. Stuart, p.104)

    i.     Chief Justice Warren Burger, 1976

                                                   ii.     No priority is assigned as between the 1^st and 6^th amendment 

a.      Sheppard case (Sheppard v. Maxwell, 1966), p.102

i.     Judge must weigh alternative options before sealing court

                                                   ii.     Barring journalist

                                                  iii.     If anything other than right to fair trail must strong case

                                                  iv.     Must allow anyone to object

                                                   v.     And consider alternate means 

a.      Chandler v. Florida (1981), p.110

     i.     Supreme Court made it clear that allowing cameras in the courtroom in constitutionally permissible

                                                   ii.     Under current law, media cameras are generally permitted in the majority of state courts, both trial and appellate

Generally not permitted in the U.S. Supreme Court and all lower federal courts

a.      New York v. Sullivan** (1964)

  i.     Changes fault standard for libel

                                                   ii.     Public officials

                                                  iii.     Actual malice

                                                  iv.     Knowledge of falsity

                                                   v.     Libel law = constitutional law

a.      Branzburg case (Branzburg v. Hayes, p.114)

i.     The Supreme Court said not absolute right to privilege

                                                   ii.     But permits a qualified right for journalists to withhold information from the courts.

                                                  iii.     Decision generally based on relevance of information to the case

a.      New York v. Sullivan** (1964)

 i.     Changes fault standard for libel

                                                   ii.     Public officials

                                                  iii.     Actual malice

                                                  iv.     Knowledge of falsity

                                                   v.     Libel law = constitutional law

1.      What can judges do to have a fair trial

a.      Change of venue

b.     Postponement of a trial

c.      Sequestering the jury

d.     Questioning the jurors about the prejudices during voir dire (ask questions to potential jurors to see what they say and their reactions to the questions)

e.      Admonitions to the jury to disregard publicity

1.      Hard for public, each for private person

a.      Identified

b.      Imitators

                                                    i.     Bette Midler

1.      Declined to lend her voice to Ford

2.      Ford found performer who imitated Midler’s voice

3.      Prevailed Right of Publicity, claim $400,000

                                                   ii.     Tom Waits

1.      Never wanted his music to be in commercials

2.      Sued and won $2 million for Dorito commercials (similar sound)

3.      Sued Audi and won

4.      Sued Opel and settled, donated $ to charity

5.      Sued Levi’s, stopped using his music and wrote an apology in Billboard

1.      Shield Status

a.      No federal

b.      Different in every state

c.      Under typical shield law, journalists may seek protection when they receive a subpoena. 

1.      Private v. Public (essay question!)*

a.      Public individual

b.      Public opinion (position)

c.      Public stance

1.      Libel- 

a.      Group libel rules

    i.     Groups of fewer than 15: each member of group is identified

                                                   ii.     Groups of 15 to 100:

1.      Blanket slur = each is identified

2.      Limited accusation = no I.D. 

Groups of more than 100: no I.D. 

1.      Public figuren Libel 

1.      Firestone case = divorce case

1.      How has privacy developed?

a.      When: 1890

b.      By whom: Warren & Brandeis

Amendment involved: 1, 3, 4, 5 & 9

1.      Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act

a.      Protects children under 13 against online data profiling without prior consent.

b.      Children lie to gain access

1.      Electronic Communications Privacy Act

a.      Recording of conversations is allowed under the federal whenever one of the parties to the conversation has given prior consent or it is done by a party to the conversation

b.      Might be used to protect e-mail privacy

                                                    i.     People can tape you without your knowing (at least one person)

1.      Libel v. Slander, libel: 

a.      AP v. Walker (Associated Press v. Walker, 1967), p.60

general edwin walker -associated press story about the desegration of the university of mississippi . 

Walker sued , saying that he did not start the fight. Court did not up hold the verdict =Reporter was well respected & the story reflected walkers behavior & views