Term
| functional theory of group decision making |
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Definition
| a conceptual analysis of the steps or processes that groups generally follow when making a decision, with a focus on the intended purpose of each step or process in the overall decision making process. |
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| knowledge, expectations, conceptualizations, and other cognitive representations that members of a group have in common pertaining to the group and its members, tasks, procedures, and resources. |
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| a task will expand to fill the time available for its completion. |
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| The amount of time a group spends on discussing any issue will be in inverse proportion to the consequentiality of the issue |
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| Collective information processing model |
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| a general theoretical explanation of group decision making assuming that groups use communication and discussion among members to gather and process the information needed to formulate decisions, choices, and judgements. |
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| A group's combined memories, including each member's memories, the group's shared mental models, and transactive memory systems. |
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| The enhancement of recall that occurs during group discussion when the statements made by group members serve as cues for the retrieval of information from the memories of other group members. |
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| transactive memory system |
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Definition
| A process by which information to be remembered is distributed to various members of the group who can then be relied upon to provide that information when it is needed. |
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| a strategy or rule used in a group to select a single alternative from among various alternatives proposed and discussed during the group's deliberations, including explicitly acknowledged decision rules (e.g. the group accepts the alternative favored by the majority) and implicit decisional procedures (e.g., the group accepts the alternative favored by the most powerful members). |
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| Perception of the fairness and legitimacy of the methods used to make decisions, resolve disputes, and allocate resources; also, in judicial contexts, the use of fair and impartial procedures. |
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Term
| normative model of decision making |
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Definition
| At theory of decision making and leadership developed by Victor Vroom that predicts the effectiveness of group-centered, consultative, and autocratic decisional procedures across a number of group settings. |
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| the tendancy for groups to spend more time discussing information that all members know (shared information) and less time examining information that only a few members know (unshared). |
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Term
| group decision support systems |
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Definition
| A set of integrated tools groups use to structure and facilitate their decision making, including computer programs that expedite data acquisition, communication among group members, document sharing, and the systematic review of alternative actions and outcomes. |
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| the tendency to seek out information that confirms one's inferences rather than disconfirms them. |
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| Choice-Dilemma Questionnaire |
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Definition
| A self-report measure of willingness to make risky decisions that asks respondents to read a series of scenarios involving a course of action that may or may not yield financial, interpersonal, or educational benefits, then indicate what the odds of success would have to be before they would recommend the course of action. |
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| The tendency for groups to make riskier decisions than individuals. |
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| The tendency for members of a deliberating group to move to a more extreme position, with the direction of the shift determined by the majority or average of the members' predeliberation preferences. |
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Term
| persuasive-arguments theory |
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Definition
| An explanation of polarization in groups assuming that group members change their opinions during group discussion, generally adopting the position favored by the majority of the members, because the group can generate more arguments favoring that position. |
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| Imbibing alcoholic drinks in a group context; also, the psychological and group-level changes that occur when groups become inebriated. |
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| A mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive ingroup, when the members' strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of actions. |
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| A group member who shields the group from negative or controversial information by gatekeeping and suppressing dissent. |
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| The counterintuitive tendancy for a group to decide on a course of action that none of the members of the group individually endorses, resulting from the group's failure to recognize and manage its agreement on key issues. |
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| When members of a group hold a wide range of opinions, beliefs, or judgments but express similar opinions, beliefs, or judgments publicly because each member believes that his or her personal view is different from that of the others in the group. |
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| A form of escalating investment in which individuals expend more of their resources in pursuing a chosen course of action than seems appropriate or justifiable by external standards. |
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| An investment or loss of resources that cannot be recouped by current or future actions. |
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| A group-level syndrome caused by members' excessive strivings to maintain and support their group's unity that results in perturbations in a group's decision making capability and intergroup relations. |
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| The psychological desire to reach a final decision swiftly and completely; also, the relative strength of this tendency, as indicated by a preference for order, predictability, decisiveness, and closed-mindedness. |
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| an organized, task-focused group. |
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| The intuitive appeal of teams as effective means of improving performance in businesses and organizational settings, despite the relative lack of definitive evidence supporting their utility. |
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| Small self-regulated groups of employees charged with identifying ways to improve product quality. |
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| Disagreement, discord, and friction that occur when the actions or beliefs of one or more members of the group are unacceptable to and resisted by one or more of the other group members. |
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| Disagreement or confrontation between members of the same group. |
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| A disagreement or confrontation between two or more groups and their members that can include physical violence, interpersonal discord, and psychological tension. |
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| A reciprocal communication process whereby two or more parties to a dispute examine specific issues, explain their positions, and exchange offers and counteroffers to reach agreement or achieve mutually beneficial outcomes. |
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| A conceptual perspective on methods of dealing with conflict that assumes avoiding, yielding, fighting, and cooperating differ along two basic dimensions: concern for self and concern for other. |
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| A bargaining strategy that begins with cooperation, but then imitates the other person's choice so the cooperation is met with cooperation and competition with competition. |
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| One who intervenes between two persons who are experiencing conflict, with a view to reconciling them. |
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| A field study performed by Muzafer and Carolyn Sherif and their colleagues that examined the causes and consequences of conflict between two groups of boys. |
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| Realistic Group Conflict Theory |
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Definition
| A conceptual framework arguing that conflict between groups stems from competition for scarce resouces, including food, territory, wealth, power, natural resources, and energy. |
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| The markedly greater competitiveness of groups when interacting with other groups, relative to the competitiveness of individuals interacting with other individuals. |
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| The belief that one's own tribe, region, or country is superior to other tribes, regions, or countries. |
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| The tendancy to consider the actions and attributes of one's own group as positive, fair, and appropriate, but to consider these very same behaviors or displays to be negative, unfair, and inappropriate when the outgroup performs them. |
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| The prediction that contact between the members of different groups will reduce intergroup conflict. |
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| A goal that can only be attained if the members of two or more groups work together by pooling their efforts and resources. |
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| Reducing social categorization tendencies by minimizing the salience of group memberships and stressing the individuality of each person in the group. |
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Term
| Common Ingroup Identity Model |
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Definition
| An analysis of recategorization processes and conflict, developed by Samuel Gaertner, John Dovido, and their colleagues, predicting that intergroup conflict can be reduced by emphasizing membership in inclusive social categories and the interdependence of the individuals in the groups. |
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| A reduction of social categorization tendencies by collapsing groups in conflict into a single group or category. |
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| A reduction of the impact of social categorization on individuals' perceptions by making salient their memberships in two or more social groups or categories that are not related to the categories that are generating ingroup-outgroup tensions. |
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| A team-learning technique developed by Elliot Aronson and his colleagues that involves assigning topics to each student, allowing students with the same topics to study together, and then requiring these students to teach their topics to other members of their group. |
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