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COM 340 Exam #1
groupie
42
Other
Undergraduate 3
07/28/2010

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Term
a group
Definition
More than two individuals who are connected by and within social relationships
Term
group dynamics
Definition
Influential actions, processes, and changes that occur within and between groups over time
Term
cohesion
Definition
the strength of bonds linking members to one another
Term
entitivity
Definition
As described by Donald Campbell, the extent to which an assemblage of individuals is perceived to be a group rather than an aggregation of independent, unrelated individuals
Term
group compositions
Definition
the individuals who compose the group and their unique and common qualities
Term
group processes
Definition
any group interaction that occurs between when the group is formed and when he group dissolves
Term
group output
Definition
The endpoint or final product, can be different for different types of groups (e.g. performance, decision, project completion, etc.)
Term
group structure
Definition
The underlying pattern of roles, norms, and relations among members that organizes groups
Term
role
Definition
A coherent set of behaviors expected of people who occupy specific positions within a group.
Term
norm
Definition
A consensual and often implicit standard that describes what behaviors should and should not be performed in a given context
Term
circumplex model of group tasks
Definition
A conceptual taxonomy developed by Joseph McGrath that orders groups tasks in a circular pattern based on two continua: cooperative-competitive and conceptual-behavioral
Term
McGrath's Four Basic Group Goals
Definition
1. Generating
2. Choosing
3. Negotiating
4. Executing
Term
Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) Model
Definition
A theory proposed by Abraham Tesser which assumes that individuals maintain and enhance self-esteem by associating with high-achieving individuals who excel in areas that are not relevant to their own sense of self-esteem and avoiding association with high-achieving individuals who excel in areas that are important to their sense of self-esteem.
Term
Social Comparison
Definition
Evaluating the accuracy of personal beliefs and attitudes by comparing oneself to others.
Term
Leon Festinger
Definition
maintained that people often rely on others for information about themselves and the environment; begins when people find themselves in ambiguous, confusing situations.
Term
Conformity
Definition
A change in opinion, judgment, or action to match the opinions, judgments, or actions of other group members or the groups normative standards.
Term
Asch Situation
Definition
An experimental procedure developed by ______in his studies of conformity to group opinion. Participants believed they were making perceptual judgment as part of a group, but the other members were confederates who made deliberate errors on certain trials.
Term
1. Forming (orientation)
Definition
 Members monitor their behavior to avoid any embarrassing lapses of social poise and are tentative when expressing their personal opinions.
Term
2. Storming (conflict)
Definition
 Marked by personal conflicts between individual members who discover that they just do not get along, procedural conflict over the group’s goals and procedures, and competition between individual members for authority, leadership, and more prestigious roles.
Term
3. Norming (structure)
Definition
 Groups becomes both unified and organized
 Differences of opinion still arise , but now they are dealt with through constructive discussion and negotiation
Term
4. Performing (work)
Definition
Members shift their attention from what the group is to what the group needs to do.
Term
5. Adjourning (dissolution)
Definition
Planned ________
 Takes place when the group accomplishes its goals or exhausts its time and resources
Spontaneous ________
 Occurs when the group’s end is not scheduled,
 In some cases, an unanticipated problem may arise that makes continued
Term
French and Raven's Power Bases
Definition
Sources of social power in a group, including one’s degree of control over rewards and punishment, authority in the group, attractiveness, expertise, and access to and control over information needed by group members.
Term
Reward Power
Definition
Power based on one’s control over the distribution of rewards (both personal and impersonal) given or offered to group members.
Term
Coercive Power
Definition
Power based on one’s ability to punish or threaten others who do not comply with requests or demands
Term
Legitimate Power
Definition
Power based on an individual’s socially sanctioned claim to a position or role that gives the occupant the right to require and demand compliance with his or her directives.
Term
Referent Power
Definition
Power based on group members’ identification with, attraction to, or respect for the powerholder.
Term
Expert Power
Definition
Power that derives from subordinates’ assumption that the powerholder possesses superior skills and abilities.
Term
Social Facilitation
Definition
Improvement in task performance that occurs when people work in the presence of other people rather than working alone.
Term
Drive Theory
Definition
In general, an analysis of human motivation that stresses the impact of psychological or physiological needs or desires on individuals’ thoughts, feelings, and actions; also an explanation of social facilitation proposed by Robert Zajonc, which maintains that the presence of others evokes a generalized drive state characterized by increased readiness and arousal.
Term
observation
Definition
A measurement method that involves watching and recording individual and group actions
Term
social cohesion
Definition
attraction of members to one another and to the group as a whole
Term
task cohesion
Definition
Capacity to perform successfully as a coordinated unit and as a part of the group
Term
Perceived cohesion
Definition
The Constructed coherence of the group: sense of belonging to the group; unity
Term
emotional cohesion
Definition
Emotional intensity of the group and individuals when in the group.
Term
Communication Network
Definition
Patterns of information transmission and exchange that describe who communicates most frequently and to what extent with whom.
Term
social influence
Definition
Interpersonal processes that change the thoughts, feelings, or behaviors of another person.
Term
majority influence
Definition
Social pressure exerted by the larger portion of a group on individual members and smaller factions within the group.
Term
minority influence
Definition
Social pressure exerted by a lone individual or smaller faction of a group on members of the majority faction.
Term
Social Impact Theory
Definition
An analysis of social influence developed by Bibb Latane which proposes that the impact of any source of influence depends upon the strength , the immediacy, and number of people (sources) present.
Term
Compliance
Definition
Change that occurs when the targets of social influence publicly accept the influencer’s position but privately maintain their original beliefs.
Term
Lucifer Effect (Zimbardo)
Definition
The transformation of benign individuals into morally corrupt ones by powerful, but malevolent, social situations
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