Term
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Definition
| The use of standards of excellence to interpret & evaluate com |
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Term
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Definition
o When research applies Aristotle’s canons of rhetoric to organize their criticism
• Invention
• Arrangement
• organization
• Style
• Word choice
• Delivery
• Nonverbal |
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Term
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Definition
o Explores the ways that by using metaphor, speakers frame reality
• Critic seeks to:
• Deconstruct world created by metaphor
• Explore metaphor’s implications |
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Term
| Burke's Dramatistic criticism |
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Definition
o The dramatistic pentad
• Act
• The message
• Scene
• Scenario, circumstances, context
• Agent
• The messenger
• Agency
• Strategy that’s used to create oneness/connection with audience
• Purpose
• Intentions |
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Term
| Fisher's Narrative Paradigm |
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Definition
o Analyzes messages of stories
o Narrative fidelity of messages – the consistency of new accounts with other stories people have heard
o The idea that we communicate through stories
o We teach by using stories |
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Definition
o Selby mostly used dramatism
• a dramatistic perspective that shows identification with the audience
• could also be a critical perspective that emphasizes the rhetorical power of King’s use of narrative |
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Term
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Definition
| researchers study groups by non-intrusive means (primarily) and does not need to be over a long period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
researcher participates in people’s lives for an extended period of time, collecting whatever data are available to describe culture and related behavior
• Overt ethnography – the subjects know that the researcher is studying them
• Covert ethnography – the subjects DO NOT know the researcher is studying them |
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Term
| Phillipsen, Teamsterville |
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Definition
o Teamsterville men must respond to insults.
o Talk discouraged in work settings
o Speech not effective display of readiness.
o For a man to restore parent-child relationship (if child disobeys), it requires the use of an effective cultural resource (violence) for that situation. |
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Term
| objectives of participant observation |
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Definition
• To be Non-Intrusive (Unless it’s ethnography)
• To make new Hypotheses |
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Term
| reasons for using participant observation |
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Definition
• When questionnaires don’t supply the needed depth of data
• Helps you know where to begin your questioning for the RQ/Hypothesis
• For Grounded theory purposes
• To strengthen the relevance of the hypothesis for a particular theory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of selecting units (eg people, messages, behaviors, organizations, or things) from a population of interest |
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Definition
| The group of units that you select to study. |
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Term
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Definition
| One the accurately reflects characteristics of the population from which it is from. |
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Term
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Definition
| data about an entire population |
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Term
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Definition
| information about a sample of a population |
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Term
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Definition
| a. The listing of the accessible population from which you’ll draw your sample. |
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Term
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Definition
| a. The degree to which a sample differs from the population on some measure. |
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Term
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Definition
identifying every event in the population and then drawing a sample (random numbers table)
1. Good for smaller population |
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Term
| systematic random sampling |
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Definition
involves the use of some kind of system to make the task easier
1. Usually choosing every “nth” event to maintain random component with larger population (e.g. frame=phone book, etc)
2. Could also be something like drawing from a hat |
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Term
| stratified random sampling |
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Definition
defines samples based on the known proportions within the population and follows them with random sampling within each group
1. Example – 60% male, 40% female, split the groups up and make sure you have 60% of the group be male |
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Term
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Definition
| involves selecting events in two or more stages when you can’t get a sample frame. **The fraternity example |
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Term
| accidental or convenience sampling |
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Definition
| involves selecting events that are most readily available |
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Term
| purposive or known group sampling |
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Definition
| selection of events from groups that are known to possess a particular characteristic under investigation |
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Term
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Definition
| selection of events on the basis of referrals from initial informants |
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Term
| limitations of nonrandom sampling |
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Definition
a. Tends to show biases
b. No sampling error computation is possible
i. Cannot calculate the sampling error to say how valid the information is
c. Severely limits the conclusions that may be drawn by the researcher |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of measures in producing the same results |
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Term
| importance of reliability |
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Definition
b. Important because:
i. A single observer leaves no guard against the effect of their subjectivity
ii. Any difference in your research process may get different answers from different respondents
iii. People don’t always give consistent answers about themselves |
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Term
| techniques for assessing reliability |
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Definition
| test retest, using established measures, split half method, internal consistency reliability |
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Term
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Definition
| A systematic method to analyze the content & treatment of communication |
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Term
| steps to content analysis |
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Definition
describe and limit the population to be studied, b. Select the coding units and classification systems for study. sample messages from the population of events. d. Code message content to produce numbers that an be tallied and reported
e. Analyze the data – most often by descriptive statistics.
f. Interpret results to illuminate the research question – Discussion Section! |
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Term
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Definition
| a. Categories used to count the communication forms in the examples chosen |
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Term
| limitations of content analysis |
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Definition
a. Cannot draw cause-effect conclusions
b. Difficult finding representative samples
i. It can be tedious to look through articles, videos, etc
c. Cannot generalize to other categories of content analysis |
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Term
| criteria for good research questions |
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Definition
To what extent might a question:
• Influence respondents to show themselves in a good light?
• Example – to what extent are you prejudiced?
• Influence respondents to be unduly helpful by attempting to anticipate what researchers want to hear or find out?
• Be asking for information about respondents that they are not certain, and perhaps not likely, to know about themselves? |
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Term
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Definition
| nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio |
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Term
| 5 problems in wording questions |
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Definition
o Leading questions
o Double-barreled questions
• Asking two things in one question
o Emotionally charged (loaded) questions
• Do you approve of the president’s oppressive immigration policy
o Ambiguous or unclear questions
o Questions in which words can be interpreted many different ways |
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Term
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Definition
| an interview style designed for small groups. (qualitative) |
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Term
| 4 purposes of focus groups |
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Definition
o To gather preliminary info for a research project
o To help research develop questionnaire items for survey research
o To understand reason behind a particular phenomenon
o To test preliminary ideas or plans |
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Term
| Focus Group Method (5 steps) |
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Definition
| 1. assemble the group. 2. preparing study mechanics. 3. 3. Preparing focus group session materials and questions. 4. conducting the session. 5. 5. Analyzing data and preparing a summary report |
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Term
| challenges of focus groups |
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Definition
o Need a trained moderator – the researcher has less control over a group (can use dual moderators)
o Data analysis is more challenging – interpretive
• Have to use discourse analysis
• Who said what and when? Were they just joking when they said that?
• Want to survey at least 100 people, 10 groups of 10
o Getting a representative sample – typically not get large numbers
o Lack of anonymity (yet the dynamic stirs thorough discussions)
• If you’re talking about controversial topics, it’s good to have likeminded people in order to avoid conflict
• Also, people are more likely to talk about their viewpoint
o Like other methods, observer must remain unbiased |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the effects of variables manipulated by the researcher in a situation where all other influences are controlled, and completed for the purpose of establishing causal relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
o When it’s impossible to know whether effects are due to the impact of either variable or some combination of the two.
o OR when there is a 3rd or missing variable |
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