-  A local station enters an affiliation agreement with a network to carry the network’s programs in exchange for money the network pays to it for carrying the network’s commercials (about 5% of the station’s total revenue)

Positioning - how your target market defines you in relation to your competitors

-  1. What makes your station unique?

-  2. This is considered a benefit by your target market.

1. Syndicated Programs

2. Movies

-  most cost- efficient form of programming is movies

-  3. Local Programs (In- house Production)

-  allows a programmer to air many hours of the same kind of program in one day, while varying the type every few hours

Flow Strategy

-  independent programmer must maximize the station’s potential for audience flow.

Kids-Kidadult-adult

-  develop programming identified promotional image:

-  ex. WGN: sports, older type shows

-  WCIU: low budget sitcoms, some sports

-  1. kid appeal (mid-afternoon)

-  cartoons

-  2. kiddult appeal (early fringe: 3-5 PM)

-  children, teens, and women

-  sitcoms, game shows

-  3. adult appeal (after 7 PM)

-  game shows

-  a/a series

-  talk/variety programs

-  music- based

-  magazine- type programs

-  reality- type programs

Owned and Operated.

station owned and operated by a network.

"A television broadcast station, other than a network station, licensed by the FCC that is secondarily transmitted by a satellite carrier. (to a ton of different markets)" (i.e. WGN-Chicago)

(Access Channel)

Public, Educational, Government 

An agreement between local

                                   franchising authorities andcable                  

                                   operators to install cable wires and supply

                                   programs to specific geographic area;

                                   usually involves payment of a 

                                   franchise fee to the local government                        

                                   (5%).

Multiple (cable) System Operator 

(i.e. Comcast, Time Warner, Cox Communication)

Distributing programming by fiber optics/coaxial cable as

   opposed to broadcast or microwave distribution (Over-the-air vs.

   cable).

not sure

Tele-Communications, Inc

After going public in 1970 (ticker NASDAQ:TCOMA), the company grew rapidly, and became the top cable provider in the United States. After a failed merger attempt with Bell Atlantic in 1994, ^[1] it was purchased in 1999 by AT&T, whose cable television assets were later acquired by Charter Communications and the Comcast Corporation.

portion of cable subscription cost;

Fee paid to cable TV networks from cable operators for carrying their channel

Combining cable channels to sell at a package price; may be only basic services or a combination of pay and basic networkspackage price;

may be only basic services or a combination of pay                       

          and basic networks

Tv Menu System

(1 of two types of subscription rates)

Audience Turnover.

%=Disconnects/New Connects *100

AKA PEG channel.

Known as "people's television" operated by community group or local government (1-3) channels 

An extremely fine thread of fiberglass (thin as your hair).

         - Transmit digital signal (extremely clear).

         - Carry tremendous amount of information.

Audience participation: Game Show,PPV, Talk Show,

             Sports, Drama/Product Placement*, Home Shopping, etc.).

On Oct. 24, 1991, FCC allowed telcos to get into video business. Telcos have "Video Dial Tone" right:

             Telcos can carry TV signal Via telephone wireone

telco- telecommunications company

36 channels

                                       54 to 108 channels.

                                       Digital Cable 565+

                                         ∞

(taken straight from the notes, not sure exactly what they correspond to.)

Direct Broadcast Satellite.

A system for sending broadcasts directly from the satellite to

         subscribers who use a small dish antenna (DirecTV & Echostar).   

Multipoint Distribution Service

A pay-TV system of broadcasting via micro wave to small dish

          home antennas. Known as “Over-the-Air-cable” or “Private

          microwave System.”

Subscription TV

A system for transmitting television signals over the air or by wire

        in such a way that a special device is needed on the receiver to

          unscramble the signal. The owner of a set pays fees for the use of

          the device. “Scrambled over-the-air.” Known as “Toll TV

(Satellite Master-antenna Television):

          A pay-TV system for apartment buildings, condos, hotels, with

          one dish antenna on top of the building and cables to each room.

          Known as “Private Cable System.”

(Multipoint Distribution Service):

          A pay-TV system of broadcasting via micro wave to small dish

          home antennas. Known as “Over-the-Air-cable” or “Private

          microwave System.”

1. Radio is everywhere. 

      2.Radio reaches everyone.

      3. The most cost-efficient medium.

      4. The most cost-efficient advertising medium.

      5. Radio is a 24-hour-a-day medium.

      6. Low production cost.

      7. Radio is the first source of news, weather,

          and information between 6 a.m. and 10 a.m.

1. No visual appeal (Biggest disadvantage)

  2. Radio ratings too low (Waste coverage)

  3. Audience segmentation

  4. No competition with television                 

  5. Station Value vs. CM Choice

  6. Message limited by restricted time 

      segments

Revenue:

                       20.4%      National/regional Ads

                       77.9%      Local Ads

                         1.7%      Network Compensation

Expense:          41%      General Administration

                          21%      Programming and Production

                          19.4%   Sales

                          9.9%     Advertising and Promotion

                          4.4%     Engineering

                          3.9%     News

 1. Technical Facilities of Each Station

 2. Character of the Local Market

 3. Delineation of a Target Audience

 4. Available Budget

 5. Potential Revenue

       Formality/Complexity/Style Dimensions

(of Audience for Radio)

1. News

2. News analysis, commentary, and editorials.

3. Feature

4. All news (strategies)

Federal Trade Commission.

 independent agency of the United States government, established in 1914 by theFederal Trade Commission Act. Its principal mission is the promotion of consumer protection and the elimination and prevention of what regulators perceive to be harmfully anti-competitive business practices, such as coercive monopoly

1912. mandated that all radio stations in the US be licensed by the federal government, as well as mandating that seagoing vessels continuously monitor distress frequencies.

1927-transferred most of the responsibility for radio to a newly created Federal Radio Commission

1. regulation of all broadcast services

-assignment of frequencies, est. operating power, regulation of broadcast equipment.

2.issuance of liscenses

3. approval of changes in ownership

(there's more, those are the main ones)

1. content

2.amount of commercials carried

3.does not directly control networks

(more here too, but they're not important)

1. letters

2. cease and desist orders

3. forfeitures

4.short-term renewals

5. renewal denials and revocation

issued in 1949, assures the fair treatment of controversial issues of public importance.

(required to present these issues equitable and balanced)

elminated 1987

During presentation of controversial issues-

an attack is made upon the honesty, integrity, character of a person or group;

the broadcaster shall within one week notify the group or person, send them tape or script of act, and offer a opportunity to respond.

-no longer required to air a specific percentages of time to news and public affairs.

-no longer required to participate in polling procedures on issues of public importance

-no longer commercial time limits (both tv and radio)

-no longer need minute to minute logs in public file

One who becomes involved in the news pays the price of such publicity by being subjected to news reports on their personal life.

-rights of privacy are lost when a news worthy event is contemporary news

identification announcements shall be made; 

1. at the geginning and ending of each time of operation

2. hourly, as close to the hours as feasible, at "natural break" in program offerings

-an advertisement which is midleading in a material respect;

-fails to reveal facts in respect to consequences which may result 

Minimum:

AM and FM Stations-

2/3 of total hours authorized to operate between 6am and 6pm

2/3 of total hours authorized to operate between 6pm and midnight

everyday, cept sunday

Station has a duty to seek out opposing points of views on controversial issues.

elminated in 1959

no liscence will be granted to a station that has a contract that;

prevents a station from broadcasting any other networks' programs

-prevents another broadcast station in the same community from broadcasting the networks' programs not taken by the former station