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| How the text reaches its audience. |
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| The literal films, books, shows, etc. |
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| An interdisciplinary field of research that investigates everything from elite fiction to comics, TV, films, music, and everyday life. It helps us better understand the roles of varying forms of communication. For example, pop culture provides role models, gender models, and lifestyle models for people to imitate. |
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| Zurawik's Research Question |
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| "How was Jewish identity depicted in prime-time network television?" |
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| Three ways of asking, "What does this mean?" |
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1. Production studies
2. Textual analysis
3. Reception theory |
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| Looking for information about something. |
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| (Historical Studies) Focus on change over time. |
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| (Comparative studies) Focus on change over distance. |
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| (de Saussure) Relationships of opposition (happy/sad) - how the human mind makes sense of the world. |
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| A theoretical form of research that evaluates and interprets. It uses concepts to explicate and focuses on aesthetics in texts. |
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| A statistical form of data that describes/explains/predicts and counts/measures, leading to a hypothesis or theory. |
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| The Five Aspects of Communication |
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1. Intrapersonal
2. Interpersonal
3. Small group
4. Organization
5. Mass media |
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| Involves first-hand observation and study by a researcher. |
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| Uses research performed by others to come to some conclusion about a topic or make some kind of argument. |
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| The study of signs and symbols |
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SIGNIFY BY: Resemblance
EXAMPLE: A photograph
PROCESS: Can see |
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SIGNIFY BY: Cause and effect
EXAMPLE: Fire and smoke
PROCESS: Can figure out |
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SIGNIFY BY: Convention
EXAMPLE: A cross
PROCESS: Must learn |
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Refers to the literal meaning of a term or object. It is basically descriptive.
EX. A big Mac is a sandwich that is sold at McDonalds. It weighs X ounces and comes with X sauce options. |
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Deals with the cultural meanings that become attached to a term.
EX. Big Macs stand for aspects of American culture, such as uniformity and lack of time. |
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Deals with communication by association.
EX. "The pen is mightier than the sword."
Here, pen = written word, and sword = aggression, militarism |
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A subcategory of metonymy in which a part is used to stand in for a whole and vice versa.
EX. When the word "wheels" is used to mean "car" |
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| Deals with the relation between texts and is used to show how texts borrow from one another, consciously and unconsciously. |
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| Refer to structured behavior and argue that much of human behavior can be seen as coded, as having secret or covert structures not easily understood. |
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| Concerns itself with how oppositions in in the text generate meaning. |
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| The study of forms and structures and how the components of something relate to each other and to the whole, of which they are all parts. |
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| Breaks down a text and explains how its parts work together to create a certain effect--be it to persuade, entertain, or inform. |
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| The study of how words are used to influence an audience |
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| Aristotle's Division of Rhetoric |
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1. Public speaking
2. Logical discussion |
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| Personal character of speaker |
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| Speaker stirring emotions in listeners |
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| Logical arguments in speech |
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| Function of Messages (3-Fold) |
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1. Referential function (the surroundings in which senders find themselves)
2. The emotive function (involving emotions expressed by senders)
3. Poetic function (Involving use of literary devices such as metaphor and metonymy by senders) |
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| Any kind of criticism that bases its evaluation of texts or other phenomena on issues, generally political or socioeconomic, of consuming interest to a particular group. |
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| A term used to describe the dominant ideas and representations in a given social order. |
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| Refers to the notion that ideological domination is invisible because it is all-pervasive. |
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| Involves the social construction of gender. |
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| Social Conception of Knowledge |
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| Recognizes that education, the media, our families, and other parts of society play a major role in giving people the ideas they hold. |
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| What men assume about the power relationships they find in society (in which men are dominant). They are unable to recognize that women are subordinated, treated unfairly, etc. Media is ultimately shaped by male sexuality and by the power of the male phallus. |
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| A phenomena in which men look at women as sexual objects. |
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Argues that the variability of an individual's involvement in social life can be adequately captured by two dimensions of sociality: group and grid.
GROUP refers to the extend of which an individual is incorporated into bounded units. Grid denotes the degree to which an individual's life is circumscribed by externally imposed prescriptions. |
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| 3 Levels of Psychoanalytic Theory |
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1. Conscious (tip of iceberg)
2. Prreconscious (dimly visible submerged part of iceberg)
3. Unconscious (the rest of the iceberg) |
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| Force by which the sexual instinct is represented in the mind |
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| 4 Stages of Sexual Development |
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1. Oral
2. Anal
3. Phallic
4. Genital |
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| Chaos, seething, impulsive, desire for gratification (Eddy) |
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| Parental influence, conscience, and restraint (Double D<3) |
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| Mediates between the id and the superego, maintaining balance (Ed) |
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| Rests on the assumption that we are not always aware of all that is in our minds and that we are often governed by forces and motivations beyond our consciousness. |
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