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com 259
exam 1 study guide
60
Other
Undergraduate 2
02/17/2009

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Term
intrapersonal
Definition
your own thoughts
Term
interpersonal
Definition
2 people
Term
small group
Definition
3 plus people
Term
intercultural
Definition
communication between cultures
Term
organizational
Definition
could include all of the above
Term
public speaking
Definition
one speaking out to many
Term
types of communication
Definition
intrapersonal, interpersonal, small group, intercultural, organizational, public speaking
Term
Miller's "critical" features of communication (5)
Definition
1. occurs between 2+ people
2. process (no beginning/no end), prejudgments are technically the beginning
3. transactional: co-created
4. symbolic: different interpretation to different people
5. involves beings that have "agency" (people)
Term
elements of the communication model (9)
Definition
1. sender
2. receiver
3. message
4. channel
5. noise
6. feedback
7. context
8. stimulus: internal/external
9. coding
10. frames of reference: speaker's worldview (filter)
Term
sender
Definition
originator/ source of message
Term
receiver
Definition
person to whom the sender directs the message
Term
message
Definition
what the sender says and does, verbal and nonverbal, during a communication episode
Term
noise
Definition
physical, semantic, and hierarchical influences that either disrupt or shape the interpretation of messages
-can be internal or external, internal: hungover, need sleep
Term
feedback
Definition
activity of providing senders and receivers with responses to their communication, ideas, and identities
Term
channels
Definition
way that a message is conveyed from sender to receiver
Term
context
Definition
physical arrangement of the space, cultural context the participants bring to the situation, and the communication history that exists between the participants
Term
the CCCD Process
Definition
1. Choose a communication goal
2. Create your message
3. Coordinate a communication event
4. Deliver message
Term
internal stimulus
Definition
internal motivation triggers messages
Term
external stimulus
Definition
something external provokes communication: standing around the keg at a party
Term
communication myths (6)
Definition
1. can have "perfect" communication
2. can "take back" what you say
3. communication can solve all problems
4. more communication is always better
5. meanings in the words: words are always interpreted the way you intend
6. a single person or event causes another reaction
Term
Networking types (3)
Definition
1. coincidental
2. conference
3. informational interviewing
Term
networking terms (5)
Definition
1. perception
2. schemata
3. person prototypes
4. personal constructs
5. scripts
Term
perception
Definition
how we process and interpret cues from a person's outward appearance, voice, and language usage
Term
schemata
Definition
mental pattern recognition plans that "help us identify and organize incoming information"
Term
person prototypes
Definition
stereotypes
Term
personal constructs
Definition
specific evaluations we make of others based on our assessment of their personal communication habits and behaviors
Term
scripts
Definition
phatic communication, the patterned sequences of talk that we use every day (scripted)
Term
2 types of interviews
Definition
performance review, ethical interviewing
Term
performance review
Definition
review or critique of an employee's work and job performance
Term
ethical interviewing
Definition
interviewing that asks in appropriate and indirect ways about marital status, children, citizenship, race, age, physical attributes, military service, and/or criminal record. questions should not require justification
Term
networking
Definition
meeting with people to exchange information
Term
2 major networking steps
Definition
1. create a contact list
2. keep track of your progress
Term
contact list
Definition
(~200 #'s) family, friends, past coworkers, professors, former managers, fraternity/sorority, clubs or group involvement
Term
how to keep track of progress (6)
Definition
1. who did you talk to (contact info)
2. how you met, where and when
3. his/her background
4. what did you discuss
5. result
6. contacting individual again (usually within 6 months to keep them in network)
Term
effective informational interview criteria (7)
Definition
1. determine what is and what could it potentially do for you
2. determine how you should obtain an interview: email, cold calling, call family friend
3. request about 20-30 min
4. ask effective and intelligent questions (from list)
5. Thank interviewee
6. jot notes to self
7. thank you letter (within 3 business days)
Term
informational interview: what you will turn in (4)
Definition
1. one page reaction (12pt times new roman, double spaced) : what worked for you, was it beneficial, did you get your questions answered
2. questions asked and brief answers received
3. thank you letter
4. letter and survey for interviewee (addressed and postmarked envelope)
Term
Informational Interview thank you letter criteria (4)
Definition
1. reiterate the connection
2. reinforce value
3. reassert interest
4. closing
Term
know the following concepts (2)
Definition
1. look for a job that is fit for you rather than try to fit yourself into an available position
2. never burn a bridge
Term
Culture terms (6)
Definition
1. power distance
2. individualism/collectivism
3. high/low context
4. gender orientation
5. tolerance for uncertainty
6. time orientation
Term
barriers of effective intercultural communication (6)
Definition
1. culture shock (reverse)
2. emphasizing differences over similarities
3. assuming similarities
4. over-generalizing
5. viewing cultural norms as static
6. viewing culture through an ethnocentric lens (negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of ones own culture)
Term
why we should be concerned about culture living in the U.S. (5)
Definition
1. high level of immigration to the U.S.
2. U.S. cities -minorities/majorities
3. many U.S. residents are non English 1st language
4. # of individuals under 35 years old part of minority group
5. shifting minority/majority populations within the U.S.
Term
ways to improve your interpersonal competence (3)
Definition
1. knowledge
2. motivation
3. skill
Term
ways to use knowledge to improve interpersonal competence (3)
Definition
1. seek information
2. ask questions and listen
3. develop a third culture (combined/shared aspects of both cultures to reach a "compromise" culture)
Term
ways to use motivation to improve interpersonal competence (2)
Definition
1. tolerable ambiguity
2. avoid negative judgments (avoid ethnocentrism)
Term
ways to use skill to improve interpersonal competence (4)
Definition
1. become other-oriented
2. empathize
3. platinum rule: treat others how they want to be treated
4. adapt to others
Term
individualistic cultures/characteristics (6)
Definition
1. put individual goals first, answer to ourselves
2. value difference/uniqueness, competitive and often hierarchical
3. value privacy and autonomy (self governing), regulate personal space
4. value freedom of expression: tend to express both positive and negative emotions more spontaneously when with friends and loved ones
5. curve emotions to reach goals
6. U.S., U.K., Australia, Canada (english speaking)
Term
collectivistic cultures/characteristics (3)
Definition
1. preserve group over self: cohesion over autonomy and group society put first
2. expression of negative emotion that could upset the balance of harmony with one's family or broader social groups are inhibited
3. most eastern countries and some countries in south america
Term
low context cultures/characteristics (2)
Definition
1. verbal communication is expected to be explicit and is often interpreted literally
2. swiss, germany, scandinavia, U.S.
Term
high context cultures/characteristics (2)
Definition
1. verbal communication is often ambiguous and meaning is drawn from contextual cues, not explicitly stated (voice, facial cues)
2. china, japan, south korea, taiwan (asian countries)
Term
power distance types (2)
Definition
1. decentralized power (low power distance)
2. centralized power (high power distance)
Term
low power distance (decentralized) cultures/characteristics (3)
Definition
1. power is not highly concentrated
2. bigger middle class, smaller upper and lower classes
3. australia, israel, denmark, new zealand
Term
high power distance (centralized) cultures/characteristics (2)
Definition
1. power is highly concentrated
2. philippines, mexico, venezuela, india (large countries, large population)
Term
feminine gender orientation cultures/characteristics (5)
Definition
1. sensitivity towards others
2. values quality of life
3. communication (rapport): discussion
4. androgynous
5. sweden, norway, netherlands, denmark (scandinavian cultures)
Term
masculine gender orientation (5)
Definition
1. men and women roles are highly distinguished
2. more traditional roles
3. values: achievement, assertiveness, heroism, material wealth
4. communication (report)
5. japan, australia, venezuela, italy
Term
types of tolerance for uncertainty (2)
Definition
1. high avoidance
2. high tolerance
Term
high avoidance to uncertainty cultures/characteristics (2)
Definition
1. find unfamiliar situations problematic
2. greece, portugal, belgium, japan
Term
high tolerance to uncertainty cultures/characteristics (2)
Definition
1. accepting of unfamiliar situations
2. singapore, denmark, sweden, hong kong (U.S. # 9)
Term
time orientation types (2)
Definition
1. monochronic
2. polychronic
Term
monochronic cultures/characteristics (3)
Definition
1. treats time as a finite commodity
2. saved, earned, spent, wasted
3. U.S., Germany, Swiss
Term
polychronic cultures/characteristics (3)
Definition
1. treats time as and infinite resource
2. time is fluid
3. latin america, arab parts of middle east, sub-saharan africa
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