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| A set of systematic, informed hunches about the way things work |
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| The relational process of creating and interpreting messages that elicit a response |
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| A record of a message that can be analyzed by others |
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| Given two plausible explanations for the same event, we should accept the simpler version |
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| The requirement that a scientific theory must be stated in such a way that it can be tested and disproved if it is indeed wrong |
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| Self-referential imperative |
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| include yourself as a consituent of your own construction |
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| grant others that occur in your construction the same autonomy you practice constructing them |
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| Scholars who use theory to reveal unjust communication practives that create an imbalance of power |
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| A method of participant observation observation designed to help a researcher experience a cultures complex meaning |
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| deals with the correct pronunciation of a word |
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| the meaning of individual words |
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| govern the order of words within phrases |
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| interpretations of statements |
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| the literal meaning of a word |
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| the ideas or concepts a word suggests in addition to its literal definition |
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| words with stongly positive or negative connotations |
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| words that can have more than one language |
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| the totality of LEARNED, shared symbols,language, values, and norms |
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| Groups of people who SHARE common symbols, language, values, and norms |
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| people's perceptions of ancesty or heritage |
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| one's status as a citizen of a particular country |
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| the process of acquiring a culture |
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| groups of people who share values, customs, and norms |
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| The U.S.has often been called a _____ ______ to acknowledge that it comprises multiple cultural groups |
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| a culture in which people believe that their primary responsibility is to themselves |
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| a culture in which people believe their primary responsibility is to their families, their communitites, and their employers. |
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| a culture in which people are expected to be direct and to say what they mean |
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| low-power distance culture |
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Definition
| a culture in which people believe that no one person or groups should have excessive power |
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| high-power-distance culture |
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Definition
| a culture in which certain groups, such as the royal family or the members of the ruling political party, have much greater power than the average citizen |
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| a culture in which people cherish tradionally masculine values and preger sex-specific roles for women and men |
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| a culture in which people cherish traditionally feminine qualities and prefer little differentiation in the roles of women and men |
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| a culture that views time as a finitie and tangible commodity. treat time as valuable, believe that "time is money" and talk about making time and losing time |
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| a culture that views time as holistic, fluid, and infinite. opposite of monochronic |
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| the extent to which people try to avoid situations that are unstructured unclear, or unpredictable |
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| aware-as in being aware of how other cultures' behaviors and ways of thinking are likely to differ from ones own |
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| the tendency to judge other cultures practices as inferior to ones own. |
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| to change ones behavior to accommodate what others are doing |
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| the phrase "kick the bucket" is for speakers of the english, and example of a cultural _____? |
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| a phrase whose meaning is purely figurative; we can't understand its meaning by interpreting the words literally |
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Definition
| the process of making meaning from environmental experiences |
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| what are the three basic stages of perception? |
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Definition
| selection, organization, and interpretation |
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| the process of paying attention to a certain stimulus |
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| the process of categorizing information that has been selected for attention |
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| a mental framework for organizing information |
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| According to communication, we use four types of schema to classify information we notice about other people: |
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Definition
1) phsyical constucts emphasize
2) role contructs emphasize
3)interaction constructs emphasize
4) psychological constructs |
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Definition
| the process of assigning meaning to information that has been selected for attention and organized. |
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Definition
| first impressions are citical because they set the tone for all future interactions |
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Definition
| the tendency to emphasize the most recent impression over earlier impressions |
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Term
Perceptual Set
and example: |
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Definition
A person's predisposition to percieve only what he or she wants to percieve.
ex: motto- "i'll see when i believe it" |
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Definition
| an explanation for an observed behavior |
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Definition
sucesses are deserved while our failures are not our fault
ex: if you gave a great speech you would say it's because you were well prepared, but if your speech went poorly, you say the assignment was unfair.
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Definition
| the set of of perceptions a person has about who he or she is |
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Term
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Definition
1) open
2)hidden
3)blind
4)unknown |
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Definition
an expectation that gives rise to behaviors that cause the expectation to come true.
ex: when you have to give a speech in class that afternoon, you figure its not worth putting much effort into it because you're going to do mediocre anyways. When you get a C- you think "see? i knew this speech would go badly" |
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Definition
| one's subjective evaluation of one's value and worth as a person |
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| the way one wishes to be seen or percieved by others |
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Definition
| the process of projecting one's desired public image |
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| a way of presenting oneself to others that is based on one's self-concept but is also influenced by other people |
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Definition
| a person's desired public image |
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Definition
| the behaviors people use to maintain their desired public image with others |
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| The 3 different face needs |
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Definition
1) fellowship
2) autonomy
3)competence |
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Definition
| the need to be liked and accepted by others |
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| the need to avoid being imposed upon by others |
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Definition
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| fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| the tendency to attribute others' behaviors to internal rather than external causes |
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Definition
| the transmission of information from managers to subordinate |
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Definition
| the transfer of meaning from subordinate to superior |
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Definition
| the study of communication through body movement and facial expression |
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Definition
| conveying messages through the use of eye contace and gaze |
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Definition
| the use of communcation through the use of bodily contace |
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Definition
| the study of the way people use physical space to convey a message |
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Definition
| distance between people that is used for very confidential communications |
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Definition
| the physical distance used for talking with family and close friends |
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Definition
| the distance used to handle most buisness transactions |
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Definition
| the distance used when calling across the room or giving a talk to a group |
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Definition
| the way time is used in culture |
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| monochronic time schedule |
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Definition
| things are done in a linear fashion; time is very important and should be used wisely |
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| polychronic time schedule |
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Definition
| people tend to do several things at the same time and place higher value on personal involvement than on getting things done on time |
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Definition
| the use of color to communicate messages |
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Definition
| bargaining with one or more parties for the purpose of arriving at a compromise |
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Definition
| bargaining that occurs when two parties with opposing goals compete over a set value |
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Definition
| both groups work toward maximizing benefits for both sides and distributing those benefits |
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Term
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Definition
1) location
2) Time limits
3) Buyer-Seller Relations |
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Definition
| a theory that says each of us is born with a drive to seek, form, and maintain strong social relationships |
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Definition
| a theory that explains why individuals are drawn to others |
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Definition
| the force that draws peope together |
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Definition
| attraction to someones personality |
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Definition
| attraction to someones abilities or dependability |
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Definition
| closeness, as in how closely together people live or work |
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| uncertainty reduction theory |
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Definition
| theory suggesting that people find uncertainty to be unpleasant, so they are motivated to reduce their uncertainty by getting to know others |
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Definition
| theory suggesting that people seek to maintain relationships in which their benefits outweigh their costs |
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Term
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Definition
| a realistic expectation of what one wants and thinks one deserves from a relationship |
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| comparison level for alternatives |
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Definition
| how much better or worse ones current realtionship is that other options |
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| relational maintenance behaviors theory |
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Definition
| theory specifying the primary behaviors people use to maintain their relationships |
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Definition
| intentionally giving others information about oneself that one believes is true |
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| social penetration theory |
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Definition
| theory indicating that the depth and breadth of self-disclosure help us learn about a person we're getting to know |
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Definition
| the range of topics one discusses with various people |
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Definition
| the social expectation that favors should be reciprocated |
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Definition
| the sense that each member affects and is affected by every other member in some way |
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Definition
| members of a group working together in the service of a common goal |
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Definition
| a collaboration that produces more than the sum of its parts |
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Definition
| a member contributing less than the average |
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Definition
| managers create a specific type of organizatinal structure and culture so a company can operate in the most efficient and effective way |
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Term
| 4 factors that are crucial to organizational structure |
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Definition
1) The organizational environment
2)Strategy
3)Technology
4)Human resources |
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Definition
| an organizational structure composed of all the departments that an organization requires to produce its goods or services |
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Definition
| a collection of functions or departments that work together to produce the product |
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Definition
| each product line or buisness is handled by a self contained division |
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Term
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Definition
| each region of a country or area of the word is served by a self-contained division |
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Term
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Definition
| lets managers be responsive to the needs of their customers and allows them to act flexibly in making decisions based on the customers changing needs. |
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| What is the most flexible kind of organizational structure available? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| group people and resources in two ways: by function and by product |
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Definition
| assigned to a cross-functional and report only to the product team manager or to one of his or her direct subordinates |
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Term
| The product team structure differs from a matrix structure in two ways: |
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Definition
1) Does away with dual reporting relationships and two-boss employees
2) permentaly assinged to a cross-functional team that our empowerd to bring a new product to the market |
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Definition
| the number of subordinates who report directly to a manger |
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Definition
| giving lower level managers the right to make important decisions about how to use organizationa resources |
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Definition
| take authority away from lower-level managers |
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| Task forces are _____, while cross-functional team are ______. |
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Definition
1) temporary
2) permanent |
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Definition
| A commitee of managers from various divisions who meet to sove a specific mutual problem |
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Definition
| the moral values, beliefs, and rules that establish the appropriate way for an organizaton and its members to deal with each othe. r |
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Definition
| an outcome where members opinions are so sharply divided that consensus is impossible to achieve |
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Definition
| an outcome where some members of a group say they support the unanimous decision even though they do not |
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Definition
| A decision-making process in which the leader of the group makes the decisions |
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| Studies have found that three physical traits in particular can influence who is likely to become leaders and how effective leaders are percieved to be: |
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Definition
1) sex
2)height
3) physical appearance |
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Definition
| characteristics of ones personality and ways of relating to to others |
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Definition
| a personality trait shared by people who are friendly, assertive, and outgoing with others |
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Definition
| a personality trait shared by people who are shy, reserved, and aloof |
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| communication apprehension |
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Definition
| anxiety or fear about communicating with others |
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Definition
| a leadership stule in which every member of a group has the right to participate in decision making. |
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Definition
| leaders offer minimal supervision |
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Definition
| leaders see themselves as having both the authority and the responsibility to take action on a group's behalf. |
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Definition
| power that comes with the ability to punish |
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Definition
| BAD! group members seek unanimous agreement despite their individual doubts |
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