Term
| most important determinant of happiness? |
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Definition
| satisfying relationships with friends, family members, romantic partners, coworkers etc. |
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Term
| Describe the situational approach |
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Definition
involves only TWO people.
contact must be face to face |
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Term
| situational approach involves how many people? |
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Definition
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Term
| according to the situational approach, how must people communicate in order for communication to be considered interpersonal? |
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Definition
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Term
| describe the developmental approach |
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Definition
number of people doesn't matter.
QUALITY of communication determines IPC |
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Term
| what is Miller and Steinberg's primary argument about IPC? |
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Definition
| communication is fundamentally a PREDICTION MAKING ACTIVITY |
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Term
| in order to make predictions, one must... |
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Definition
| have DATA about the person with whom he/she is communicating |
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Term
| prediction-making activity example |
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Definition
|
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Term
| name the levels of info one can have about someone |
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Definition
| Cultural level, sociological level, psychological level |
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Term
| what does knowing someone on the cultural level encompass? |
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Definition
nationality or country of origin.
--> assumptions likely to be wrong. stereotypes, EASYYYYYY. |
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Term
| what does knowing someone on the sociological level encompass? |
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Definition
group membership, sex, religion, class, major, interests.
--> make assumptions based on external info. |
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Term
| what level of knowing info about someone is the one most people reply on? |
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Definition
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Term
| example for how sociological level assumptions can be wrong |
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Definition
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Term
| what does knowing someone on the psychological level encompass? |
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Definition
deepest, most specific level of communication.
--> allows you to see other person as UNIQUE
more info- communication becomes more efficient. |
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Term
| in order to get to the psychological level of knowing someone, one must... |
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Definition
| take time and hard work. have a HUGE "database" |
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Term
| According to Miller & Steinberg, communication is only interpersonal if.... |
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Definition
| it occurs at the psychological level. |
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Term
implied by M & S def of IPC,
initial encounters are... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| why are initial encounters rarely interpersonal? |
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Definition
politeness and social norms
(avoid, politics, religion, and sex) |
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Term
implied by M & S def of IPC,
how much communication in our society is IPC? |
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Definition
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|
Term
implied by M & S def of IPC,
can everyone communicate interpersonally? |
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Definition
no. some can't and some won't.
can't: nothing unique, hollow.
won't: put up a wall. feels too vulnerable. |
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Term
t or f:
if you share something personal with someone, your relationship is now interpersonal. |
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Definition
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Term
t or f:
there is a difference between and interpersonal relationship and interpersonal communication. |
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Definition
| TRUE. therapeutic relationships are NOT IPC |
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Term
| example expressing IPC IS IRREVERSIBLE |
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Definition
marriage proposal.
remember: what's said is said. no do overs or take-backs. |
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Term
|
Definition
| communication and relationship choices you make directly determine the personal, interpersonal and the relationships that will follow. |
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Term
| instead of "getting over it", you must... |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| choices --> communication --> outcomes. |
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Term
| example expressing IPC IS DYNAMIC. |
|
Definition
duck story. how to remember:
Duck - Dynamic. |
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Term
| according to Mac Parks tips for online competence, match your choice of _____ to the ______ of your message |
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Definition
|
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Term
| according to Mac Parks tips for online competence, don't assume online communications is more ________ |
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Definition
efficient.
(no nonverbal cues) |
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Term
| according to Mac Parks tips for online competence, presume your audience is...... |
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Definition
| much larger than intended. |
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Term
| according to Mac Parks tips for online competence, presume your postings are ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| understanding yourself can improve.... |
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Definition
| IPC and relational outcomes. |
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Term
| self awareness + self concept + self esteem = |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| ability to perceive yourself as distinct from the surrounding environments and reflect on your thoughts, feelings and behaviors! |
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Term
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Definition
| overall perception of who you are based on the beliefs, attitudes, and values you have about yourself. |
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Term
| self concert answers the question |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| overall evaluation of self worth |
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Term
| self esteem answers the question |
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Definition
| how do you feel about yourself? |
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Term
t or f:
people with higher self esteem report greater life and relationship success, show greater leadership, ability, athleticism... etc. |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the goal of self discrepancy theory? |
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Definition
| how to improve self esteem |
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Term
| self discrepancy theory suggests that self esteem is determined by... |
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Definition
| comparing ourselves against our "ought self" and "ideal self" |
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Term
|
Definition
characteristics you wish to posses
"who do i wish i was?" |
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Term
|
Definition
person you think other people wish or expect you to be
--> could be wrong!! |
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Term
| when perception of self matches BOTH ideal and ought self OR when attainment of selves is perceived as possible, then.... |
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Definition
| people report high self esteem and life satisfaction. |
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Term
| define: ideal self discrepancy |
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Definition
"why can't i be the person i want to be?"
linked to eating disorders. |
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Term
| define: ought self discrepancy |
|
Definition
"why can't i be the person others want me to be?"
linked to communication avoidance and relationship withdraw |
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Term
t or f:
self esteem is dynamic |
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Definition
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Term
| the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information from our senses is called.. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how we perceive others determines... |
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Definition
| how we communicate with them |
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Term
| our perception of others is.. |
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Definition
| a product of our own MENTAL CREATION - never objective and freq. flawed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| your explanation for what caused another person to behave the way s/he did. |
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Term
| what are the two types of attribution? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| define: internal attribution |
|
Definition
aka dispositional. behavior stems from internal causes, namely personality.
--> you're a jerk. |
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Term
| define: external attribution |
|
Definition
| aka situational. behavior stems from external causes, |
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Term
| define: fundamental attribution error (FAE) |
|
Definition
tendency to attribute others behavior to internal rather than external causes.
--> easy & MOST COMMON perceptual error
salience! |
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Term
| this effect is the tendency to make external attributions regarding our own behavior |
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Definition
| the actor observer effect (AOE) |
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Term
| due to the ______ effect, we expect our behavior to be situationally variable, but other's must be stable. |
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Definition
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Term
| example expressing the AOE |
|
Definition
| Steve's acceptance of Michigan State's job offer. |
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Term
| what is the exception to the AOE? |
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Definition
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Term
| define: self serving bias. |
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Definition
| tendency to make internal attributions regarding our large successes, and external attributions regarding our large failures. |
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Term
t or f:
all human behavior is purely due to internal factors |
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Definition
| false! all human behavior is the result of complex combination of internal and external factors. |
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Term
| define: interpersonal impressions |
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Definition
| mental pictures of who people are and how we feel about them |
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Term
|
Definition
| General & Global impression that's either positive or negative |
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Term
| _____ is based on a few observed traits, from which we generalize. |
|
Definition
Gestalt.
--> formed RAPIDLY. |
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Term
|
Definition
| tendency to perceive all behavior of a person as positive because we have a positive gestalt about them |
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Term
|
Definition
| tendency to perceive all behavior of a person as positive because we have a negative gestalt about them |
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Term
| what effect is the tendency to view things positively |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an example of the Pollyanna effect? |
|
Definition
| Kelly's mom with Steve's coffee. |
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Term
| why does the news show sad stories instead of happy ones? |
|
Definition
| because the SALIENCE of sad things. Positive things are thought to be more common so they're thought of as boring. |
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Term
| common examples of Pollyanna effect? |
|
Definition
most people deem their lives as "happy"
most people describe themselves as optimists
most people describe themselves as above average. |
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|
Term
| The positivity bias states gestalts are more likely to be positive than negative due to this effect.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
define: the negativity effect
--> OUTCOME OF POLLYANNA |
|
Definition
negative info is WEIGHTED more heavily than positive & seems more uniquely informative about a person's true character.
-->if you set yourself up thinking everything will be positive, negatives stick out more |
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Term
|
Definition
| its easier to flip a positive gestalt to negative, but it's more difficult to flip a negative gestalt to a positive one. |
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Term
| example expressing flipping negative gestalt to positive. |
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Definition
| Steve meeting his ex gf's mom. took 3 years to flip gestalt. |
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|
Term
| this theory was the first IPC theory. written in 1975 by Berger and Calabrese |
|
Definition
Uncertainty reduction theory (URT)
--> focuses on initial interactions. |
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Term
| "when people meet & communicate, their primary concern is reducing uncertainty; that is, increasing predictability and explainability of their own and others behavior" is the basic assumption of what theory.. |
|
Definition
| the uncertainty reduction theory. |
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|
Term
| what are the two kinds of uncertainty? |
|
Definition
| proactive and retroactive. |
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|
Term
| define: proactive uncertainty |
|
Definition
| anticipate or predict another's future behavior. |
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|
Term
| define: retroactive uncertainty |
|
Definition
generate plausible EXPLANATIONS so why someone behaved the way s/he did.
--> ex. Kelly meeting the other fitness instructor. |
|
|
Term
| a loss of predictability is essentially a loss of.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as verbal communication between people increases, uncertainty _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| similarities between people ______ uncertainty and dissimilarities _____ |
|
Definition
decrease, increase.
--> forced integration |
|
|
Term
| define: fundamental attribution error (FAE) |
|
Definition
tendency to attribute others behavior to internal rather than external causes.
--> easy & MOST COMMON perceptual error
salience! |
|
|
Term
| this effect is the tendency to make external attributions regarding our own behavior |
|
Definition
| the actor observer effect (AOE) |
|
|
Term
| due to the ______ effect, we expect our behavior to be situationally variable, but other's must be stable. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| example expressing the AOE |
|
Definition
| Steve's acceptance of Michigan State's job offer. |
|
|
Term
| what is the exception to the AOE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| define: self serving bias. |
|
Definition
| tendency to make internal attributions regarding our large successes, and external attributions regarding our large failures. |
|
|
Term
t or f:
all human behavior is purely due to internal factors |
|
Definition
| false! all human behavior is the result of complex combination of internal and external factors. |
|
|
Term
| define: interpersonal impressions |
|
Definition
| mental pictures of who people are and how we feel about them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| General & Global impression that's either positive or negative |
|
|
Term
| _____ is based on a few observed traits, from which we generalize. |
|
Definition
Gestalt.
--> formed RAPIDLY. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency to perceive all behavior of a person as positive because we have a positive gestalt about them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency to perceive all behavior of a person as positive because we have a negative gestalt about them |
|
|
Term
| what effect is the tendency to view things positively |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an example of the Pollyanna effect? |
|
Definition
| Kelly's mom with Steve's coffee. |
|
|
Term
| why does the news show sad stories instead of happy ones? |
|
Definition
| because the SALIENCE of sad things. Positive things are thought to be more common so they're thought of as boring. |
|
|
Term
| common examples of Pollyanna effect? |
|
Definition
most people deem their lives as "happy"
most people describe themselves as optimists
most people describe themselves as above average. |
|
|
Term
| The positivity bias states gestalts are more likely to be positive than negative due to this effect.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
define: the negativity effect
--> OUTCOME OF POLLYANNA |
|
Definition
negative info is WEIGHTED more heavily than positive & seems more uniquely informative about a person's true character.
-->if you set yourself up thinking everything will be positive, negatives stick out more |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| its easier to flip a positive gestalt to negative, but it's more difficult to flip a negative gestalt to a positive one. |
|
|
Term
| example expressing flipping negative gestalt to positive. |
|
Definition
| Steve meeting his ex gf's mom. took 3 years to flip gestalt. |
|
|
Term
| this theory was the first IPC theory. written in 1975 by Berger and Calabrese |
|
Definition
Uncertainty reduction theory (URT)
--> focuses on initial interactions. |
|
|
Term
| "when people meet & communicate, their primary concern is reducing uncertainty; that is, increasing predictability and explainability of their own and others behavior" is the basic assumption of what theory.. |
|
Definition
| the uncertainty reduction theory. |
|
|
Term
| what are the two kinds of uncertainty? |
|
Definition
| proactive and retroactive. |
|
|
Term
| define: proactive uncertainty |
|
Definition
| anticipate or predict another's future behavior. |
|
|
Term
| define: retroactive uncertainty |
|
Definition
generate plausible EXPLANATIONS so why someone behaved the way s/he did.
--> ex. Kelly meeting the other fitness instructor. |
|
|
Term
| a loss of predictability is essentially a loss of.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as verbal communication between people increases, uncertainty _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| similarities between people ______ uncertainty and dissimilarities _____ |
|
Definition
decrease, increase.
--> forced integration |
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|
