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COM 201 Test 2
covers intrapersonal, interpersonal, and cultural communication
95
Communication
Undergraduate 2
03/13/2014

Additional Communication Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Attribution Theories
Definition
Try to figure out the causes and motives of behaviors
Term
Three assumptions about how people operate
Definition
People naturally attempt to determine the causes of their own and other people’s behavior
Assign causes systematically
The causes that we perceive will affect our own feelings and behaviors
Term
Intrapersonal communication
Definition
-How the individual understands communication the Creation of messages and the achievement of goals
-Focused on the perceptions, thoughts, and behaviors of individuals
-Meanings are based in people’s interpretation
Term
Message Design Logics
Definition
expressives, conventionals, and rhetoricals
we think about things differently
some are more sophisticated than others.
can go down, but not up
Term
Constructivism
Definition
Messages do not bring meanings directly, but they are occasions for people to create or construct reality through the interpretation of messages
we are ACTIVE agents, and CHOOSE rather than REACT
Term
Constructs/ construct differation
Definition
recognition of differences, we have the ability to label and categorize things
Term
Cognitive complexity
Definition
The more sophistication our category system has, the more we see shades of grey
Term
Expressive MDL
Definition
Communication is for expressing/venting one’s true feelings either with brutal honesty or an edited version of the truth
More profanity
Incoherence
Term
Conventional MDL
Definition
Views communication as a cooperative process in which communication competence and adherence to social rules is expected of both players of the communication game
Politeness is the norm
Most common
Term
Rhetorical MDL
Definition
Use communication to shape the self and the situation in ways that the other two types of message producers cannot
Most sophisticated
Flexibility and willingness to negotiate to attain goals are key to this type
Tending to the relationship is important
Term
Dispositional Attributes
Definition
We think that a person’s behavior or what they say is based in their personality, who they are, and their biology
internal cause.
We see someone else’s bad behavior as their fault but our own bad behavior is not our fault
(i.e. I swerved because I was avoiding a cat; you swerved because you’re drunk/a bad driver/an idiot)
Term
Situational Attributes
Definition
External
Something was caused by an outside influence, beyond a person’s control
Use this for ourselves
(i.e. I got an A on a test because I’m smart; you got an A on the test because it was easy.)
Term
Uncertainty Reduction Theory (URT)
Definition
Explain and predict how people deal with ambiguity, especially in the initial stages of relationship
The primary purpose/function of communication is to reduce uncertainty
we are motivated to seek information to reduce uncertainty
Term
Behavioral Uncertainty
Definition
questioning how you should act
Term
Cognitive uncertainty
Definition
questioning what you should think
Term
Passive information seeking strategies
Definition
noticing things, patterns
facebook stalking
Term
Active information seeking strategies
Definition
asking other people about the person
Term
Interactive information seeking strategies
Definition
asking the person you want to get to know
Term
Relationship between intimacy and uncertainty reduction:

Verbal Communication goes up, uncertainty goes...
Definition
down
Term
Relationship between intimacy and uncertainty reduction:

Nonverbal expressives go up, uncertainty goes...
Definition
down
Term
Relationship between intimacy and uncertainty reduction:

Uncertainty increases, information seeking behavior goes...
Definition
up
Term
Relationship between intimacy and uncertainty reduction:

Uncertainty goes down, friction goes...
Definition
up (?)
Term
Relationship between intimacy and uncertainty reduction:

Uncertainty goes down, repricocity goes...
Definition
up
Term
Relationship between intimacy and uncertainty reduction:

Similarities go up, uncertainty goes...
Definition
down
Term
Expectation Violation Theory
Definition
how we respond to arousal
Term
Expectancies
Definition
positively valued
teach you how to behave in social norms
Term
Violations and arousal
Definition
we notice when people go out of the norm, makes us feel stuff
Term
Violation Valence
Definition
positive - when the hot guy/girl smiles at you
negative - when the creeper smiles at you
Term
Violator
Definition
the person who violates the social norm
Term
high reward valence
Definition
you can benefit from deviating from the norm
Term
low reward valence
Definition
deviating from the norm is not going to benefit you, so don't
Term
Communication Accommodation Theory
Definition
why we make adjustments in our vocal patterns, speech, and gestures to accommodate others
takes nonverbal communication into account
Term
Role of Social Identity Theory
Definition
primarily created by the groups with which they identify
Term
in groups and out groups
Definition
groups that we are motivated to join because they are appealing to us
Term
convergence
Definition
Can also do this by trying too hard.
Dad: “sup dude. Totally rad!”
Term
divergence
Definition
asserting power differences
Term
Accommodation
Definition
ability to adjust, regulate, or modify your behavior in response to another person
typicall unconsciously
Term
Social Exchange Theory
Definition
the idea that we stay in relationships where the benefits outweigh the costs
Term
Comparison Level
Definition
Acceptable level of satisfaction for maintaining a relationship
Term
Comparison Level of Alternative
Definition
Looking for alternatives
Term
Relational Dialectics Theory
Definition
Talks about relationships in a different way than they had been before
more jagged ups and downs, not steps
Term
Autonomy
Definition
self sustaining
independent
Term
Openness
Definition
strangers on a train/plane
too much info too soon
Term
Closedness
Definition
doesn't open up at all.
need to find a balance
Term
Connection
Definition
need to be independent but connected
can't be too connected - asking every time you need to pee...yeah.
Term
Novelty
Definition
new info
too much is bad though
Term
predictability
Definition
always picking the same thing, can be good
Term
Selection
Definition
one person wants more and the other wants less
Term
Separation
Definition
want to be alone, want to be together - pick one and balance
Term
Neutralization
Definition
perceiving both sides of the tensions
trying to make polar opposites less intense
ie small talk
Term
Reframing (Integration)
Definition
Perceptual ting
don't perceive them as opposites anymore
Term
Relational Dialectics
Definition
contradictory or opposing tensions
Term
How is the violation of expectancies/expectations related to changes in arousal?
Definition
it increases it
Term
Incentive value
Definition
knowing more can be very rewarding or very costly
ie, the boss who could give you a raise is allergic to peanuts, don't suck up by giving him peanut butter cookies
Term
When is uncertainty not a big deal?
Definition
when they're not acting out of the norm
when you're not anticipating future interactions
Term
Politeness Theory
Definition
the theory that accounts for the redressing of the affronts to face posed by face-threatening acts to addressees.
Term
What is face?
Definition
the desired self image that you want to present to others
Term
Positive Face
Definition
the need to be liked, appreciated and admired by others
Term
Negative Face
Definition
the need to be free, act as you choose, and be unconstrained by others
Term
Assumptions of politeness theory
Definition
all people are concerned about their face
we recognize that other people have face needs
it's generally in one's best interest to work to maintain others' face
Term
Face threatening acts (FTAs)
[list examples of inherently face threatening acts]
Definition
actual threat, criticisms, requests, compliments
Term
Bald on Record
Definition
no attempt to acknowledge the other person's face wants or needs, least polite
ie, "Give me your notes!"
Term
Positive Politeness
Definition
try to attend to the other person's face needs, act like you like them.
ie, "Hey old pal, you're always there for me in a pinch, can I borrow your notes?"
Term
Negative Politeness
Definition
try to attend to the other person's negative face needs.
ie, "I hate to ask you, and normally wouldn't dream of asking you, but could I please borrow your notes? I'll be forever indebted to you."
Term
"Going off-record" (hinting)
Definition
you don't actually ask outright, but hint that you want something.
ie, "Wow, I'm gonna have a hard time next week on the test because I missed lecture...sigh"
Term
Avoidance
Definition
you don't do or say anything and hope that everyone is a mind reader.
ie, "..."
Term
Definition of culture
Definition
one's identification with a group that shares symbols, meanings, experiences and behaviors
Term
Intracultural communication
Definition
communication within one culture
Term
cross-culture communication
Definition
comparison of two or more cultural communication
Term
intercultural communication
Definition
the actual interaction between members of different cultures
Term
Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions states that...
Definition
there are differences in cultures and cultures will vary
Term
Individualism
Definition
individual accomplishment is more important to the group
ie, USA
Term
Collectivism
Definition
focuses on group accomplishment/family
"You'll bring honor to us all!"
(this shows up in Asian cultures)
Term
Masculinity
Definition
focus on achievement, acquisition, quest, assertiveness, and has more gender role differentiation
ie, Japan and Austria
Term
Femininty
Definition
focus on relationships, cooperation instead of competition, valuing of discussion, gender roles are not highly differentiated.
ie, Norway and Sweden
Term
High Power Distance
Definition
You are stuck where you are born, a caste/class system, and there's nothing you can do about it
ie, India and Malaysia
Term
Low Power Distance
Definition
you can change your lot in life
ie, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Austria, and the USA
Term
High Uncertainty Avoidance
Definition
Cultures that don't like uncertainty, have a lot of rules
ie, Greece
Term
Low Uncertainty Avoidance
Definition
Cultures that like ambiguity and spontaneity
ie, Singapore and Jamaica
Term
Long Term Time Orientation (Low Indulgence)
Definition
are willing to wait/defer rewards. Willing to sacrifice and are thrifty.
ie, China
Term
Short Term Time Orientation (High Indulgence)
Definition
want immediate gratification
ie, West Africa, the Philippines, and the US
Term
Individualistic cultures are more concerned for which face?
Definition
negative face
more concern with autonomy and independence
Term
Collectivistic cultures are more concerned for which face?
Definition
positive face
more concern preserving the face of others
Term
avoiding
Definition
most likely to be used by collectivistic cultures
low self-face concern, high others-face concern
Term
passive agression
Definition
most likely to be used by individualistic cultures
low self-face concern, moderate others-face concern
Term
integrating
Definition
used by both types of culture
high self-face concern, high others-face concern
Term
dominating
Definition
most likely to be used by individualistic cultures
low self-face concern, low others-face concern
Term
Difference between sex and gender
Definition
sex is biological
gender is what you identify as
Term
Standpoint theory
Definition
men and women have different experiences that shape the way they view the world. Because of these variations, men and women communicate differently
Term
Tannen's gender styles
Definition
women use communication to establish connections with others, whereas men use communication to maintain power over others
men focus on WHAT is being said
women focus on HOW it is being said
Term
How is the APA citation of a journal title different than a book title?
Definition
book title will be italicized, a journal title will not
Term
What are the basic parts of a scholarly research report?
Definition
Title page
Abstract
Introduction (goal and significance of research, review of literature, statement of research questions/hypothesis)
Method, (participants, media content, how selected, procedures and measures used)
Results
Discussion (significance of results, limitations and flaws of study, conclusions, recommendations for future research)
References
Appendices
Term
How do you cite sources in the text of your papers using APA style? What if you are using a direct quotation?
Definition
signal the author(s) in the sentence, and after the sentence put their last name(s) in parentheses followed by the year of the study you are referencing.
If it is a direct quote, do the same, but put the quote in quotations
Term
How is a title page set up for a paper using APA style?
Definition
Begin at the top left with the words “Running head,” followed by a colon and a short form of the title of your paper. The short form should be no more than fifty characters and should be typed in all capital letters. Flush with the right margin, put the page number 1.
About halfway down the page, center the full title of your paper (capitalizing all words of four letters or more), your name, and your school’s name.
Then add the integrity statement.
Term
Why is citing sources accurately important?
Definition
so that scholarly readers can access the same material you did.
also to avoid plagiarism.
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