Term
| *The degree to which a given individual believes an event will happen. |
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Definition
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Term
| Rules for Simple Probability |
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Definition
- If there are two possible outcomes, the probabilities must sum to 1
- If the two outcomes can not happen simultaneously, they are said to be mutually exclusive
- If two events do not influence each other, and if knowledge of one doesn't help with knowledge if the other, the events are said to be independent.
- If the ways in which one event can occur are a subset of those in which another eveny can occur, then probability of the subset event cannot be higher than the probability of the one for which it is a subset.
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Term
| If two events are independent, how is the probability that they both happen calculated and what pronoun signifies this action? |
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Definition
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Term
| If two events are mutually exclusive, how is the probability that they both happen calculated and what pronoun signifies this action? |
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Definition
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Term
| Formula for the Probaility of 2 mutually exclusive events |
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Definition
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Term
| Formula for the Probability of 2 independent events |
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Definition
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Term
| *When people mistakenly assess the probability of an event by the ease with which occurrences can be brought to mind |
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Definition
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Term
| *Two events occuring together cannot be higher than the probability of either event occurring alone |
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Definition
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Term
| *We assign higher prbabilities to events based on how we would imagine them happening |
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Definition
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Term
| *People place too much confidence in their ability to rate the odds that they are correct |
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Definition
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Term
| *The mistaken belief that random events should be self correcting |
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Term
| *The average benefit of a measurement over the long run |
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Definition
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Term
| *Ways to say something about the population values from sample data. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Gives a range of likely values for the population proportion. An example would be, "What proportion of MSU students smoke?" |
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Term
| Formula for calculating the standard error in a CI for a proportion |
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Definition
| s.e. = sqrt.(true proportion x [1-true proportion]/n) |
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Term
| Formula for a 95% CI for proportion |
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Definition
| sample proportion +/-2 x s.e |
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Term
| In the formula for a 95% CI for the mean, what does the M stand for? |
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Definition
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Term
| *Uses sample datato attempt to reject the hypothesis that nothing interesting is happening-that is, to reject the notion that chance alone can explain the sample results. |
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Definition
| Significance testing or hypothesis testing |
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Term
| Which is more trusted?: CI or significance testing? |
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Definition
| CI because it is more precise and significance testing is siad very vaguely. |
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Term
| What are the basic four steps of null hypothesis testing? |
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Definition
- Determine Null and Alternative Hypotheses
- Collect Data and Summarize in a Test Statistic
- Calculate p-value
- Make a decision
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Term
| *There is no relationship between the two variables |
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Definition
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Term
| *There is a relationship between the two variables |
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Definition
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Term
| *The probability of rejecting the null if there is no relationship in the population |
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Definition
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Term
| What must occur in order to reject the null hypothesis? |
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Definition
| The p-value must be small enough to rule out chance |
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Term
| What must occur in order to not reject the null hypothesis? |
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Definition
| The p-value must not be small enough to rule out chance |
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Term
| Researchers are interested in testing whether a population value equals a particular value. What is this particular value called? |
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Definition
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Term
| In this sort of test, values in the alternative hypothesis are above the null value or below the null value only |
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Definition
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Term
| In this sort of test, the value sboth above and below the null value are included |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 types of test statistics? |
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Definition
- Compare a single observed proportion to a hypothetical proportion
- Compare a single observed mean to a hypothetical mean
- Compare two sample means
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Term
| What happens in a Type I error? |
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Definition
| We reject the null, but it is true. There is really no relationship |
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Term
| What happens in a Type II error? |
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Definition
| The null is not rejected, but the null is false. There really is a relationship |
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Term
| *A statement of a relationship between variables |
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Definition
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Term
| *A question scholars answer with research in order to builds the body of knowledge. |
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Definition
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Term
| *Numerical method for trying to predict the value of one measurement variable from knowing the value of another one |
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Definition
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Term
| *Measures the strength of a certain type of relationship between two measurement variables |
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Definition
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Term
| *Measures the difference in means if small sample |
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Definition
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Term
| *Tests difference in means across multiple groups |
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Definition
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Term
| *A systematic, objective and quantitative method of measuring the manifest meaning of symbols |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the types of content analysis? |
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Definition
| Purely descriptive, Comparison with a standard, Relationships: content=IV, Relationships: content=DV |
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Term
| "What percentage of instant messages between adolescants concern relationships?" is an example of whta type of content analysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| "Is the racial makeup of characters in TV sit-coms representative of US society?" is an example of what type of content analysis? |
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Definition
| Comparison with a standard |
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Term
| "Does reporter gender effect sources used in news stories?" is an example of what type of content analysis? |
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Definition
| Relationships: content IV |
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Term
| "Are citizens in communities with higher levels of political news more likely to vote than citizens in communities with lower levels?" is an example of what type of content analysis? |
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Definition
| Relationships: content DV |
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Term
| *Includes general instructions and instructions for creating content variables |
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Definition
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Term
| Under protocol, to create variables, what must you first do? |
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Definition
| divide content into quantifiable variables. |
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Term
| What are the first 4 steps in content analysis? |
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Definition
- Reasearch question-What do you want to know?
- Define population of content and time
- Select a sample from population or conduct a census
- Develop a protocol
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Term
| What are the second 4 steps in content analysis? |
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Definition
5. Practice to check reliability
6. Code content
7. Establish reliability
8. Report the results |
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Term
| *Is vested in the protocol. A protocol exhibits this when it assigns numbers to content consistently across coders and across time |
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Definition
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Term
| *A protocol must be reliable to exhibit this, but reliability is not enough. |
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Definition
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Term
| Advantages of content analysis |
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Definition
| Unobtrusive, Content is critical for many research questions, and Does not require much money |
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Term
| Disadvantages of content analysis |
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Definition
| Time consuming and Deals with only manifest content |
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Term
| What is included in explaining Informed Consent? |
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Definition
| The right to decline to participate or withdraw, nagative factors, risks including limits to confidentiality, benefits of research, incentives to participate, whome to contact with queations |
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