Term
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Definition
| Occurs when a single firm dominates production and distribution in a particular industry, either nationally or locally. |
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Term
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Definition
| just a few firms dominate an industry. Example, the book publishing and feature film businesses are both oligopolies. Each has four or five major players controlling the majority of the production and distribution in the industry. |
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Term
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Definition
| characterizes a media market with many producers and sellers but only a few products within a particular category. For instance, hundreds of independently owned radio stations operate in the US. Most of these commerical stations however, feature a limited number of forums - such as country, classic rock or contemporary hits. |
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Definition
| involves media products supported primarily by consumers who pay directly for a book, cd, movie, or internet/ cable tv series. |
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Definition
| media products supported primarily by advertisers, who pay for the quantity or quality of audience members that a particular medium delivers. newpapers, magazines, over-the-air radio and tv broadcasting, etc. |
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Term
| economies of scale principle |
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Definition
| practice of increasing production levels to reduce the cost for each product- should have driven down the price of a cd in the same way that the price of videotapes dropped in the 1980's. but it wasn't until october 2003 that any major recording companies dropped the price of cd prices. |
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Term
| Sherman Anti-trust act 1890 |
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Definition
| this outlawed the monopoly practices and corporate trusts that often fixed prices to force competitors out of business. In 1911 the government used this act to break up both the American Tobacco Company and Rockefellers Standard Oil Company, which was divided into 30 smaller competing firms. |
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Term
| Clayton Anti-trust Act of 1914 |
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Definition
| prohibiting manufacturers from selling only to dealers and contractors who agreed to reject the products of business rivals. The Celler-Kefauver act of 1950 further strengthened antitrust rules by limiting any corporate mergers and joint ventures that reduced competition. |
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Term
| Largest Media Merger in History |
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Definition
| 2001 - AOL acquired Time Warner for $106billion |
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Term
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Definition
| how a ruling class in society mantains its power - not by military or police force but more commonly by citizens consent and deference to power. It is also the acceptance of the dominant values in a culture by those who are subordinate to those who hold economic and political power. |
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Definition
| the promotion and sale of different versions of a media product across the various subsidiaries of a media conglomerate. However, it also refers to global companies like sony buying up popular culture- movie studios and record labels. Today Synergy is the default business mode of most media companies. |
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Term
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Definition
| consumer control over marketplace goods and freedom of consumer choice. |
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Definition
| options among a range of media products. |
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Definition
| power in deciding what kinds of media get created and circulated. |
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Term
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Definition
| American media are shaping the cultures and identities of other nations. American Styles in fashion and food, as well as media fare, dominate the global market. |
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Term
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Definition
| power in deciding what kinds of media get created and circulated. |
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Term
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Definition
| American Media are shaping the cultures and identities of other nations. American styles in fashion and food, as well as media fare, dominate the global market. |
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Term
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Definition
| model for journalism and speech that tolerates little criticism of government or public dissent; it holds that the general public needs guidance from an elite and educated ruling class. |
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Term
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Definition
| a model for journalism and speech that places control in the hands of an enlightened government, which speaks for ordinary citizens and workers in order to serve the common goals of the state. |
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Term
| social responsibility model |
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Definition
| characterizes the ideals of mainstream journalism in the United States. The concepts and assumptions of this model was formed to examine the increasing influence of the press. |
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Term
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Definition
| an unofficial branch of government that monitors the legislative, judicial, and executive branches for abuses of power. |
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Term
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Definition
| encourages vigorous government criticism and supports the highest degree of individual and press freedom. In this model, no restrictions are placed on the mass media or on individual speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first amendments name for defining censorship. It means that courts and governments cannot block any publication or speech before it actually occurs on the principle that law has not been broken until an illegal act has been committed. |
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Term
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Definition
| legally protects the rights of authors and producers to their published or unpublished writing, music, lyrics, tv programs, movies, or graphic art designs. |
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Term
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Definition
| At the end of a copyright period, it gives the public free access to an authors work. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to defamation of character in written or broadcast form |
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Term
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Definition
| spoken language that defames a persons character. |
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Term
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Definition
| the reporter or editor knew the statement was false and printed or broadcasted it anyways, or acted with a reckless disregard for the truth. |
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Term
| what are the two categories of public figures and what do they have to prove in order to accuse someone of damaging their reputation, etc.? |
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Definition
1. public celebrities or people who "occupy positions of such pervaisive power and influence that they are deemed public figures for all purposes" and
2. individuals who have thrown themeselves, usually voluntarily but sometimes involunarily into the middle of "a significant public controversy" such as a lawyer or public defender.
they have to prove falsehood, damages, negligence, and actual malice |
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Term
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Definition
| allowing reporters who broadcast statements made in court to report judicial or legislative proceedings even though the public statements being reported may be libelous. |
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Term
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Definition
| prosecutors are granted this in a court of law so they are not prevented from making accusatory statements towards defendants. |
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Term
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Definition
| a defense against libel which states libel applies only to intentional misstatements of factual information rather than opinion, and which therefore protects said opinion. |
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Term
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Definition
| expression that is not protected as speech if these three legal tests are all met. 1. the average person, applying contemporary community standards, would find the material as a whole appeals prurient interest; 2. the material depicts or describes sexual conduct in a patently offensive way; 3. the material, as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value. |
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Term
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Definition
| cannot talk about court case in public |
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Term
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Definition
| favors the first amendment rights of reporters, protecting them from having to reveal their sources for controversial information used in news stories. |
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Term
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Definition
| profanity (can be punished by government) |
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Term
| Section 315 of the 1934 Communications Act |
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Definition
| during elections, broadcast stations must provide equal opportunities and response time for qualified political candidates. |
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Term
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Definition
| required stations to 1. to air and engage in controversial-issue programs that affected their communities, and 2. to provide competing ppoints of view when offering such programming. |
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Term
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Definition
| the creation and use of symbols that convey info and meaning. example: language, morse code, motion pics, and one-zero binary comp codes. |
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Term
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Definition
| business model that involves consolidating various media holdings, such as cable connection phone services, to transmissions and internet access under one corporate umbrella. |
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Term
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Definition
| period of political and social reforms that lasted roughly from 1890's to 1920's. Muckraking period represented medias contribution to this era. muckrakers were journalists who exposed corruption, waste, and scandal in business and politics. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cultural industries - channels of communication- that produce and distribute songs, novels, newspapers, movies, internet, and other cultural products to a large number of people. |
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Term
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Definition
| ballet, symphony, art museums, an classic literature. (good taste, higher education, wealth). |
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Term
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Definition
| soap operas, rock music, radio shock jocks, video games. (commercial junk, reality tv, gossip, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
mid-twentieth century-> today. Music videos, remote controls, nike ads, shopping malls, fax machines, e-mail, video games, blogs, USA today, youtube, TRL, hip-hop, Reality tv.
4 features are - populism, diversity, nostalgia, and paradox. |
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Term
| first mass marketed products in history |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| authors, producers, organizations |
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Term
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Definition
| programs, texts, images, sounds, ads |
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Term
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Definition
| newspapers, books, mags, tv, radio, internet |
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Term
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Definition
| readers, viewers, consumers |
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Term
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Definition
| newseditors, exec. producers, media managers, make decisions about what msgs get produced for a particular audience. |
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Term
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Definition
| citizens, consumers, if they choose, return msgs to senders/gatekeepers through letters-to-editor, phone, e-mail, web. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| process of deigning cultural messages and stories and delivering them to large and diverse audiences through media channels as old as the printed book and as new as the internet. |
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Term
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Definition
| the symbols of expression that individuals, groups, and societies use to make sense of daily life and to articulate their values. |
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Term
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Definition
| consumers shape media messages to fit or support their own values and viewpoints. People typically seek msgs and produce meanings that respond to their own cultural beliefs, values, and interests. |
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Term
Media Innovations emerge in 3 stages:
Novelty or development. Entrepenual stage. Mass Medium Stage. |
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Definition
1. Investors and technicians try to solve a particular problem. Ex. making pics move, transmitting msgs abroad ships, or sending mail electronically.
2. inventors and investors detemrine a practical and marketplace use for the new device.
3. Business figure out how to market the new device as a consumer product. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. refers to the technological merging of content in different mass media. ex) mag,radio programs are accessible on internet. 2. called cross platform |
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Term
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Definition
| culture as an ongoing process rather than a hierachy. this depicts culture in a more complex way - spreading out in more directions than skyscraper model does. It pursues many connections from one cultural point to another and can appreciate a range of cultural experiences without ranking them. |
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Term
| Link between Culture, Mass Media, and Mass Communication |
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Definition
| Culture links individuals to their society, providing both shared and contested values, and the mass media helps circulate those values. These two help the development of mass communication which Mass Communication delivers cultural messages. |
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Term
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Definition
| takes us through the steps of description, analysis, interpretation, evaluation, and engagement. |
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Term
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Definition
| attaining knowledge and understanding of mass media requires following a critical process and thinking skills to make a citizen more engaged and a consumer more discerned. they follow the process of description, analysis, interpretation, evaluation, and engagement. |
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Term
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Definition
| individual consumers are given the ability by Media companies to customize a web page or other Media form, allows public to engage with and create media as never before. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the growing contrast between the "info haves" (those who can afford comps and pay for info sources). and "info have-nots" cannot afford. |
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Term
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Definition
| favored by consumer and privacy advocates, require web sites to obtain explicit permission from consumers before they can collect browsing data |
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Term
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Definition
| opt-out favored by data mining corporations, allows for automative collection unless consumer requests to "opt-out" of practice |
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Term
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Definition
| info-gathering software which is often secretly bundled w/ free downloaded software. Can be used to send pop-up ads to users comp screens, to enable unauthorized parties to collect personal/account info, or plant malicious click-fraud programs on a comp. |
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Term
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Definition
| information profiles that are automatically collected and transfer btw computer serves whenever users access web sites. |
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Term
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Definition
| buying and selling products and services on the internet |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of internet identity theft that involves phony email msgs that appear to be from an official website - ebay, paypal, or aol asking customers to update credit card or other personal information. |
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Term
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Definition
| programmers openly shared program source code and ideas to upgrade and improve programs. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Telecommunications Act of 1996 |
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Definition
| Overhauled the nations communications regulations, most regional and long-distant phone companies and cable operations have competed against each other in the internet access business. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| allows users to enter keywords or queries to locate related web pages. First search engines that were algorithmic search engines (searched entire web) were yahoo!, alta vista, and inktomi |
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Term
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Definition
| central to development of first computers in 1940's - makes media convergence possible by enabling all media content to be created in the same basic way. |
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Term
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Definition
| connections which can quickly download multimedia content - became more available so people moved away from dial-up ISP service to high speed service from cable, telephone, or satellite companies. |
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Term
| Internet Service Provider (ISP) |
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Definition
| connects millions of home users to its proprictary web system through dial-up access. |
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Term
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Definition
| software packages that help users navigate the web. these brought the web to mass audiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| hypertext markup language. Written code that creates web pages and links, is a language that all comps can read so comps w/ diff operating system can communicate easily. |
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Term
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Definition
| developed in late 1980's by software engineer tim barners - lee at the CERN particle physics lab in Switz. to help scientists better collaberate, the web was initially a text data - linking system that allowed computer-accessed info to assoc. w/ or link to other info no matter where it was on internet. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mid 1980's was the standard for transmitting communications fata speedily. |
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Term
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Definition
| Miniature circuits that could process and store electronic signals. |
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Term
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Definition
| invented in 1971 by computer engineer Ray Tomlinson, who developed software to send electronic mail msgs to any computer on ARPnet. @ symbol to signify location of computer user. |
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Term
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Definition
| Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) - enabled military and academic researches to communicate on a distributed network system. |
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Term
| When did the Internet reach the novelty (development) entrepenuial, and mass medium stages? |
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Definition
1960s - developmental p.46
Early 1970's-Late 1980's -Entrepreneurial
Late 1980's - mass medium |
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Term
| How did the internet originate |
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Definition
| It originated as a military government project, with national security as one of its goals. It begun in the late 1960s by the Defense Departments Advanced Research Projects Agency - the original internet - called ARPAnet. |
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Term
| How does the World Wide Web work? Why is it significant in the development of the internet? |
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Definition
| The world wide web was initially a text data-linking system that allowed computer-accessed information to associate w/ or link to other information no matter where it was on the internet. The world wide web helped prompt the mass medium stage of the internet. |
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Term
| 2 reasons why big media are dangerous to country? |
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Definition
1. big media limits the number of voices in marketplace, lessening diversity and limiting consumer choice.
2. difficulty of minorities and females to gain an ownership position
3. conflict of interest for new divisions |
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Term
| Whats the difference between privately owned and publicly owned media companies? |
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Definition
| private is owned by one person or family. All the profits and control are within the sole owner. However, publicly owned is stock holders and regulated by a board of directors and in order to expand, owners must give up control. |
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Term
| 3 reasons why media companies grew so large from 1980-2000 |
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Definition
1. bigger = better (walmart, mcdonalds)
2. potential for cross-platform advertising.
3. ability to vertically integrate products.
4. Appease wall street. |
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Term
| Whats significant of ferrets.com? |
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Definition
| it reflects the concept of "niche media". This mass media is referring to the narrowing of media to certain interests of particular consumers... in this case it would be ferret lovers. |
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Term
| What does it mean when we call the press the fourth estate or fourth branch |
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Definition
| it is the belief that media acts as an unofficial branch of government. It is able to balance and check federal government power for legislative, judicial, and executive branches and make sure it is not abusing its power. |
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Term
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Definition
| The public owns the airwaves. the fcc is in existance to protect public interest. |
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Term
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Definition
| concept of being able to watch tv at ones own like through the internet or DVR and fastforward all the advertisements. |
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Term
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Definition
| idea that all sites and producers of the internet are equal- there is no hierachy. Service producers, however, wish to establish discriminatory rates in order to increase their individual revenues. |
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Term
| What is being done to remedy digital divide |
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Definition
| lower income nations are gaining public access by government funding to computers as an attempt to encourage internet usage. |
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Term
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Definition
| creators of sites, users, service providers |
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Term
| What is not a characteristic of traditional media? |
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Definition
| multi-directional flow of content |
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Term
| Between 1960 and 1980, tv stations during presidential political campaigns avoided showing old movies of reagan bc of the implications of what policy |
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Definition
| section 315 ("equal time" rule) |
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Term
| user created content on web includes which one of the following phenomena? |
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Definition
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Term
| the arguement made by the government against leaking the "Pentagon Papers" was that? |
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Definition
| doing so presented a clear and present danger to national security. |
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Term
| U.S. movie rating systems is an example of |
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Definition
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Term
| Hegemony is the concept of rep. diversity in media. t/f |
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Definition
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Term
| Miller v California case was established a single national stemland for obesity t/f |
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Definition
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Term
| purpose of anti-trust laws is to encourage competition in the marketplace. t/f |
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Definition
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Term
| term pop culture is synonymous w/ high cultures t/f |
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Definition
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Term
| 6th amendment has been known to clash with the first amendment t/f |
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Definition
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Term
| when walmart chooses not to carry a certain cd bc they do not like artist or content it is a violation of the first amendment t/f |
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Definition
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Term
| disney is an example of chain, not a media conglomerate t/f |
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Definition
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Term
| fairness doctrine no longer exists t/f |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| advance (newhouse family media comp) is a publicly owned company t/f |
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Definition
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Term
| anyone w/ internet access and a computer can start a blog t/f |
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Definition
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Term
| "going public" allows a company to grow but means potential loss of control for the original owner t/f |
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Definition
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Term
| Media generates revenue through what two things |
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Definition
| subscriptions and advertising |
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Term
| why is big media beneficial to the country? |
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Definition
| big media are able to act as a counterweight to big gov checking/balancing its power.. Also, is able to invest in larger ventures that could possibly lead to national innovations. It is the major exporter of content to aid U.S. economy and spread globally |
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Term
| what are the five civil liberties created in the first amendment? |
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Definition
| press, speech, religion, assembly, petition |
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Term
| 3 differences btw old media and the internet. |
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Definition
1. old media there exists a hierachy of professionals and in new media non-professionals and professionals play key roles.
2. old media is largely geographical while new media is de-centralized with no real center of production.
3. copyrights are clear in old media but questionable in the new media. |
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Term
| what does the FCC stand for? |
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Definition
| federal communications commission |
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Term
| when a government seeks to pass a law limiting free speech of press it must satisfy legal tests. Name 2. |
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Definition
| 1. it must articulate the states interest and 2. it must prove that by limiting speech, the goal will be met and accomplished. |
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Term
| What is twitter and what was newsworthy about the way it was utilized during the election in Iran this past summer? |
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Definition
| Twitter is a social networking site and during the election some american students and iranians posted things about the election on their twitter accounts which caused riots on twitter. Also, it caused CNN to change their line-up after it failed to cover the election violence in full. |
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Term
| what are two types of speech not protected by the first amendment and why? |
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Definition
1. obscenity... speech what appeals only to purient interest and it degrades societies moral fiber. it also present the no SLAP value to society.
2. speech restrictions during times of war- speech talk for overthrowing government, talking about terrorist attacks, talking about the making of bombs, protesting draft, war, etc. are all forbidden during times of war. |
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