Armstrong, S., & Oomen-Early, J p.522                    Depression in Non-Athletes vsAthletes

Overall, the study found that athletes had significantly higher scores in self-esteem and social-connectedness, and significantly lower scores in depression.    

[supports that athletes have lower depression rates]                                     Summary

Beauchmin. J., 269                                                      Outreach Program

 Recently, Dr. Beauchmin conducted research on an outreach program that attempted to educate student athletes on mental health, therefore discouraging the negative stigma surrounding help-seeking behaviors. 

Summary 

Bauchemin, J.  276                                                           Model

Overall, the program seemed to be effective. Student-athletes reported a changed mindset regarding mental health and counseling as a result of the program. They also reported that the program was applicable to general well-being outside of their sports. 

Summary

Downs, A., & Ashton, J. 239                                    Depression in Athletes vs.NonAthletes 

In this study, researchers compared those who engage in sports or physical activity to those who do not on mental and physical health. Ultimately, researchers found that those who reported being active reported significantly higher scores in positive affect, self-esteem, and lower scores in stress than those who did not report being active. 

Summary

Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., & Christensen, H, p5                                                 Stigma

In this qualitative study, researchers held personal interviews with student athletes. When asked what barriers prevented students from seeking help, the most common answer was the negative stigma surrounding mental health. 

[replicated finding for stigma]                                                                              Summary

Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., & Christensen, H p. 9             Facilitators

Students were also asked what would encourage them to seek mental health treatment. This was a more diverse topic which included social support and education and awareness of mental health services. 

Summary

Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., & Christensen, H p.8                                    Social Support

One thing that may be unique to student-athletes specifically is not only needing social support from friends and family, but from their coach as well. In this study, a participant even said, “Coach is probably the one that’s going to have the most influence over you”.

Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., & Christensen, H p. 11            Relationship with Service Provider

Interestingly, only 9% of students presented having a positive relationship with the service provider as a facilitator prior to the discussion. However, after getting to know the service provider in the study, it was the most commonly discussed topic. 

Summary 

Kroshus, E. p. 395                                                            Screening Practices

In this study, Kroshus reported that it was more likely for mental health screening to occur if the institution had a written plan in place for student athletes that have mental health issues, as well as staff trained to treat these students.

Summary 

McDuff, D. R., & Garvin, M.  

Watson, J. C., & Kissinger, D. B. p. 157.     Depression in Student-Athletes vs. NonAthletes

Overall, non-athletes reported higher mean scores for wellness. Most notably, student-athletes reported lower scores in Social Self and Essential Self.  

[adds some reasoning for their scores in depression]                                           Summary

Watson, J. C., & Kissinger, D. B. p160                   Relationship with Service Provider

"Student-athletes who feel that their counselor is able to communicate recog- nition of at least some of the issues inherent in managing the student-athlete role are more likely to trust their counselor and participate in the counseling process"

[may seem obvious, but important to add]                                                           Quote

Beckmann, J., & Elbe, A. p.3                                             Stigma

Mental toughness is "having the natural or developed psychological edge that enables you to: generally, cope better than your opponents with the many demands (competition, training, lifestyle) that sport places on a performer; specifically, be more consistent and better than your opponents in remaining determined, focused, confident, and in control under pressure."

[How this can contribute to stigma]                                                              Quote 

Degges-White, S. P. L. L. N., Borzumato-Gainey, C. P. L., & Degges-White, S. P. L. L. N. (Eds.).  p.73                                                                         Personality of Athletes  

Generally speaking, most athletes do not stop at the counseling center. This could be because athletes have strong social bonds and comradiere with their teams. 

Summary 

Barnard, J. D. p.167                                                                  Stigma

In a study which examined whether student athletes had different attitudes toward help-seeking than the general population, there proved to be no signifcant difference between the two populations. 

[presents contradictory information]                                         Summary

Barnard, J. D. p 170                                                                        Gender

This study also examined that females showed a significantly greater likeliness to seek professional help than males. 

Summary

Bauman, J. p135                                                                           Current Implementations

 "From personal and professional experience, I see growing organisational support for addressing athlete mental health and performance psychology." 

Bauman, J. p135                                                                        Stigma

In this article, Dr. Bauman states that athletes often find that the terms mental toughness and mental health contradict each other. Athletes are often pressured to feel "mentally tough". 

Paraphrase

McDuff, D. R., & Garvin, M. p600                                          Models

This study is unique in that it focuses on different aspects of mental health throughout the four different seasons of a student athlete including: in-season, post season, off-season, and pre-season. 

Summary 

Wolanin, A., Hong, E., Marks, D., Panchoo, K., & Gross, M p.2  Depression in Athletes vs. NonAthletes

This study found that athletes did report similar symptoms of depressions to that of the general population. This shows that athletes are not immune to the side effects of depression. 

Summary 

Mahoney, M. J., & Chapman, B. P.                     Personality of Athlete 

Self Confidence and Efficacy

Self-Confidence and Self-Efficacy both play a large role in successful athletes. If most athletes have these traits, this may be a reason as to why athletes report lower levels of depression, but may be resistance to seek help. 

Summary 

Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., & Christensen, H p.8            Gender

While conducting personal interviews, participants noted that gender may be a barrier to seeking professional help, while males might interpret this as a sign of weakness. 

Summary 

Paolucci, S. L., Paolucci, S. J., & Buckley, S. A p.4                                                 Stigma

"Think of folks like Terry Bradshaw, former quarterback for the Pittsburgh Steelers and four-time Super Bowl winner. Bradshaw battled his own war with the stigma of depression for years, thinking that successful professional athletes “shouldn’t” be depressed."

Quote

Paolucci, S. L., Paolucci, S. J., & Buckley, S. A p.16          Current Implementations

"Depression in this age bracket demands a higher level of awareness on the part of college professors and staff in detecting and referring depressed students to treatment. Campus-wide health fairs should include education on depression, information on stress and how to manage it, free depression screenings, and easy access to counseling"

Quotes