Term
| Darwin and Wallace's 2 observations and logical inference. |
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Definition
OBSERVATIONS
1.Overproduction leading to struggle for existence
2. Individual Variation
INFERENCE
1.Unequal reproductive sucess = adaptive evolution |
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Term
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Definition
| contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of next generation, relative to other individuals |
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Term
| What is adaptive evolution? |
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Definition
| Offspring have variations better "fit" to environment than other offspring. |
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Term
| Natural selection has what three outcomes? |
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Definition
1. Stabalizing Selection
2. Directional Selection
3. Diversifying Selection |
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Term
| What is stabalizing selection? |
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Definition
| Extreme phenotypes are selected against and it adapts to existing environment. |
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Term
| What is directional selection? |
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Definition
| One extreme is selected for/against, adapts to new or changing environment. |
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Term
| What is diversifying selection? |
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Definition
| Extreme phenotypes are favored and average are selected against, adapts to patchy environment. |
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Term
| What are the other reasons a population evolves? |
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Definition
| Genetic Drift, Gene Flow, Mutations |
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Term
| What are the two causes for genetic drift? |
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Definition
| Bottleneck Effect and Founder Effect |
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Term
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Definition
| Change in gene pool of small population due to chance |
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Term
| What is a bottleneck effect? |
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Definition
| A natural disaster reduces the population and survival is by chance. This is also caused by human hunting. |
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Term
| What is a founder effect? |
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Definition
| A few individuals colonize an isolated habitat and will have an unrepresentive smaple of the main population. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals or gametes can carry alleles from one population to another |
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Term
| More gene flow means what? |
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Definition
| A more homogeneous species |
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Term
| What does regular gene flow do? |
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Definition
| It prevents speciation of a population. |
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Term
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Definition
| A change in an organism's DNA, which could be harmful, neutral or beneficial |
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Term
| How do you know if it is a meaningful mutation? |
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Definition
| It occurs in protein coding or the regulatory regions |
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Term
| What is adaptive evolution? |
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Definition
| When natural selection interacts with genetic drift, gene flow, mutations. |
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Term
TRUE OR FALSE
A habitat may have several fitness peaks |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Where a certain phenotype combination will best fit a niche and allow more reproductive success. |
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Term
| What are the two mating decisions? |
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Definition
1. Are you my species?
2. Do you have good genes? |
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Term
| Sexual selection is driven by what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do females usually get to choose the males? |
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Definition
| Making sperm is cheap and making eggs are expensive. |
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Term
TRUE OR FALSE
If you can have "costly" traits and still survive to reproduce, you must have bad genes |
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Definition
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Term
| How can you tell if speciation is complete? |
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Definition
| When they come into contact again they are reproductively isolated. |
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Term
| What are the two catagories of reproductive barriers? |
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Definition
| Pre-zygotic and post-zygotic |
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Term
| What are the pre-zygotic barriers? |
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Definition
| Temporal, Habitat, Behavioral, Mechanical, and Gametic |
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Term
| What is Temporal Isolation? |
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Definition
| Breeding at different times |
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Term
| What is Habitat Isolation? |
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Definition
| Live in different places. |
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Term
| What is Behavioral Isolation? |
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Definition
| Different "are you my kind?" behaviors/appearances. |
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Term
| What is Mechanical Isolation? |
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Definition
| Reproductive parts don't match up. |
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Term
| What is Gametic Isolation? |
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Definition
| Sperm/Egg cell surface receptors won't recognize each other. |
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Term
| What are the Post-Zygotic barriers? |
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Definition
| Hybrid Inviability and Hybrid Sterility. |
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Term
| What is Hybrid Inviability? |
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Definition
| Genetic incompatibilities between the species resulting in a miscarriage. |
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Term
| What is Hybrid Sterility? |
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Definition
| The offspring of the two species will be unable to have offspring of it's own. |
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Term
| What is allopatric speciation? |
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Definition
| Speciation that occurs because of geographic isolation. |
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Term
| What is sympatric speciation? |
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Definition
| Speciation that occurs with no geographic isolation. |
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Term
| How does a population get separated in regards to allopatric speciation? |
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Definition
| Climate changes, glacier divides population, sea levels change, or colonization of an isolated new habitat. |
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Term
| How does a population become reproductively isolated in regards to sympatric speciation? |
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Definition
| Plants are able to survive polyploidy and start entirely new species this way. |
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Term
| What is punctuated equilibrium? |
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Definition
| Goes geologically fast with long periods of nothing in bewteen. |
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Term
| What is the red queen principle? |
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Definition
| A species must constantly change to maintain fitness in a perpetually changing environment. |
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Term
TRUE OR FALSE
Simular adaptive landscapes lead to simular species |
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Definition
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Term
| Weeds and elephants have both experienced alot of killing. Why does one develop a resistance while the other is facing extinction? |
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Definition
| Weeds reproduce much faster and more abundantly than the elephants, therefore allowing them time to develop a resistance in their offspring. |
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