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College Biology - Chapter 14 - Witters
The "How" of Evolution
43
Biology
12th Grade
05/12/2010

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Term
Darwin and Wallace's 2 observations and logical inference.
Definition
OBSERVATIONS
1.Overproduction leading to struggle for existence
2. Individual Variation

INFERENCE
1.Unequal reproductive sucess = adaptive evolution
Term
What is fitness?
Definition
contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of next generation, relative to other individuals
Term
What is adaptive evolution?
Definition
Offspring have variations better "fit" to environment than other offspring.
Term
Natural selection has what three outcomes?
Definition
1. Stabalizing Selection
2. Directional Selection
3. Diversifying Selection
Term
What is stabalizing selection?
Definition
Extreme phenotypes are selected against and it adapts to existing environment.
Term
What is directional selection?
Definition
One extreme is selected for/against, adapts to new or changing environment.
Term
What is diversifying selection?
Definition
Extreme phenotypes are favored and average are selected against, adapts to patchy environment.
Term
What are the other reasons a population evolves?
Definition
Genetic Drift, Gene Flow, Mutations
Term
What are the two causes for genetic drift?
Definition
Bottleneck Effect and Founder Effect
Term
What is genetic drift?
Definition
Change in gene pool of small population due to chance
Term
What is a bottleneck effect?
Definition
A natural disaster reduces the population and survival is by chance. This is also caused by human hunting.
Term
What is a founder effect?
Definition
A few individuals colonize an isolated habitat and will have an unrepresentive smaple of the main population.
Term
What is gene flow?
Definition
Individuals or gametes can carry alleles from one population to another
Term
More gene flow means what?
Definition
A more homogeneous species
Term
What does regular gene flow do?
Definition
It prevents speciation of a population.
Term
What is a mutation?
Definition
A change in an organism's DNA, which could be harmful, neutral or beneficial
Term
How do you know if it is a meaningful mutation?
Definition
It occurs in protein coding or the regulatory regions
Term
What is adaptive evolution?
Definition
When natural selection interacts with genetic drift, gene flow, mutations.
Term
TRUE OR FALSE
A habitat may have several fitness peaks
Definition
TRUE
Term
What is a fitness peak?
Definition
Where a certain phenotype combination will best fit a niche and allow more reproductive success.
Term
What are the two mating decisions?
Definition
1. Are you my species?
2. Do you have good genes?
Term
Sexual selection is driven by what?
Definition
Do you have good genes?
Term
Why do females usually get to choose the males?
Definition
Making sperm is cheap and making eggs are expensive.
Term
TRUE OR FALSE
If you can have "costly" traits and still survive to reproduce, you must have bad genes
Definition
FALSE
Term
How can you tell if speciation is complete?
Definition
When they come into contact again they are reproductively isolated.
Term
What are the two catagories of reproductive barriers?
Definition
Pre-zygotic and post-zygotic
Term
What are the pre-zygotic barriers?
Definition
Temporal, Habitat, Behavioral, Mechanical, and Gametic
Term
What is Temporal Isolation?
Definition
Breeding at different times
Term
What is Habitat Isolation?
Definition
Live in different places.
Term
What is Behavioral Isolation?
Definition
Different "are you my kind?" behaviors/appearances.
Term
What is Mechanical Isolation?
Definition
Reproductive parts don't match up.
Term
What is Gametic Isolation?
Definition
Sperm/Egg cell surface receptors won't recognize each other.
Term
What are the Post-Zygotic barriers?
Definition
Hybrid Inviability and Hybrid Sterility.
Term
What is Hybrid Inviability?
Definition
Genetic incompatibilities between the species resulting in a miscarriage.
Term
What is Hybrid Sterility?
Definition
The offspring of the two species will be unable to have offspring of it's own.
Term
What is allopatric speciation?
Definition
Speciation that occurs because of geographic isolation.
Term
What is sympatric speciation?
Definition
Speciation that occurs with no geographic isolation.
Term
How does a population get separated in regards to allopatric speciation?
Definition
Climate changes, glacier divides population, sea levels change, or colonization of an isolated new habitat.
Term
How does a population become reproductively isolated in regards to sympatric speciation?
Definition
Plants are able to survive polyploidy and start entirely new species this way.
Term
What is punctuated equilibrium?
Definition
Goes geologically fast with long periods of nothing in bewteen.
Term
What is the red queen principle?
Definition
A species must constantly change to maintain fitness in a perpetually changing environment.
Term
TRUE OR FALSE
Simular adaptive landscapes lead to simular species
Definition
TRUE
Term
Weeds and elephants have both experienced alot of killing. Why does one develop a resistance while the other is facing extinction?
Definition
Weeds reproduce much faster and more abundantly than the elephants, therefore allowing them time to develop a resistance in their offspring.
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