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| can invite a viewpoint based on order |
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| chronological, spatial, categorical, cause-effect, problem-solution, compare-contrast, other |
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| A causes B; if A happens, B will happen; must prove causation vs. correlation |
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| working with others to achieve public goods |
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| signals the end of the speech is coming, summarizes the main ideas, and makes a final appeal to the audience |
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| what exactly are you saying? |
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| Sometimes stated in form of metaphor; express the values, identity, and goals of a particular group and time |
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| the way you present yourself |
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| to communicate with respect to your listeners, never seeking to manipulate them but aiming for a mutually beneficial outcome |
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the character and credibility of the speaker
-knowledge
-honesty
-goodwill towards the audience |
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| a problem that can be solved by speech |
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| to easily adapt to the audience while speaking, making changes while speaking and even omit points if time runs short |
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| the most significant teacher of rhetoric and public speaking in Athens |
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| the emotions that can be evoked in the audience |
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| involves a good-faith effort to see the situation from your audience’s perspective. “involves interpreting the situation, recognizing it as one embodying ethical issues, using empathy and role-taking to understand how the act might affect all concerned, and imagining cause-effect sequences of events” |
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| interaction that creates meaning through language |
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| treats inanimate subjects, such as ideas or institutions, as though they had human form or feeling |
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| Dividing the audience into a positive “us” and a negative “them” |
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| influencing public policy or the elected official |
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| a group of citizens who recognize each other’s interests and have developed habits of settling disputes |
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| Public oral communication |
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| the use of language to create meaning through interaction with a group whom engage in addressing issues of public interest |
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| publicizing your viewpoint and raising awareness |
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| Traditionally practiced public oral communication. First invented in Athens 2500 years ago. Used to help with public and civic communication. |
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| Interaction in which the speaker and listeners reason together |
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| A is a sign of B; Railroad track sign is a sign of railroads |
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| The way you speak: word choice, metaphors, etc |
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