Term
| Marr's Levels of analysis |
|
Definition
| 1)Computational Level (most abstract), 2) Algorithmic Level, 3) Implementation Level (most concrete) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smalles amount of stimulus energy needed to detect a stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Weber, measures difference between stimulus A and b |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Weber, measures difference between stimulus A and b, "Can you see a difference between the two?" i.e. Optometry exam. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DL/S=K, DL=difference, K=weber fraction, S= value of standard stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| electric shock (.01) < lifted weight < sound intensity < light intensity and taste (0.08).. electric shock most sensitive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| P=KS (arbitrary scale based on standard) P= power functions, K=constant, S=stimulus intensity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| doubling intensity magnitude doesn't necessarily double sensation (x9) needed. i.e. BRIGHTNESS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| doubling strength of stimulus MORE than doubles sensation (i.e. SHOCK) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the time between presentation of stimulus and the observer's response to the stimulus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where tightening muscles at the front of the eye increases the curvature of the lens so that it gets thicker. It creates a sharper image. Subconscious action. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transformation of one form of energy to another (electrical energy in response to light) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heightened sensitivity when eyes stay in the dark (20 min.), due to visual pigment regression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rods converge upon a single ganglion cell, cones don't converge. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| i.e. Hermann Grid. A is inhibited by 40% from its 4 neighbors, and the image therefore looks darker. horizontal and amacrine cells inhibit. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one code -> one image (i.e. Grandmother Cell and Halle Berry Cell).Problem: you can only code the number of things you have neurons for. Can't code for all faces. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seen with fMRI and optical imaging. A pattern of neurons per face and supports limited neuron theory. |
|
|
Term
| experience dependent plasticity |
|
Definition
| process that causes neurons to develop so they respond best to the types of stimulation to which they have been exposed. i.e. for Reading, which can't be innate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensory deprivation in one modality can have striking effects on the development of the remaining modalities. (i.e. SB) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| period of time where experience is critical for development (cataracts after 8 years, vision ok.. cataracts before 8 years, vision impaired) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 different cognitive functions can function independently. i.e. one person's lesion in parietal lobe and another's in the temporal lobe. one can KNOW where something is and one can identify something but neither can do both. Proves that each of these functions is separate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lateral Inhibition: border between two areas of different lightness. along the edges you see a sense of shading. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cannot be explained with lateral inhibition but rather the cortex and retina are involved. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more activity on right end so band on right is being more inhibited (2 squares 1 light one dark with medium color blocks in each) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains only CONES, where image is placed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all of retina besides fovea, contains both rods and cones, but mainly rods. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blind spot is where optic nerve leaves eye. conducts signals toward brain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adapt faster than cones, rod-shaped receptors in retina, responsible for vision at NIGHT and LOW LIGHT levels. extremely sensitive in dark but cannot resolve fine details |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vision in high levels of light, for COLOR and DETAIL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opsin and retinal, light energy -> electrical energy |
|
|
Term
| visual pigment regeneration |
|
Definition
| after opsin and retinal have been separated because of light.. regeneration (in the dark) involves rejoining of the 2. Depends on enzymes in pigment : epithelium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| magnocellular cells, large, 100,000 in retina. 1)motion 2) fast and transient response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Parvocellular cells, small, 1)color, texture, depth 2) slow and sustained response |
|
|
Term
| lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) |
|
Definition
| 6 layers, retinotopic organization, ocular layers ( one gets cell just from L or R eye) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Striate Cortex: cortex is organized by columns |
|
|
Term
| cortical magnification factor |
|
Definition
| skewed image. fovea is 0.01% of retinal area but 8-10% of cortical maps area. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensitive to orientation of bars/linear response. Stationary stimuli, best for visual processing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| larger receptive cells than simple cells, fire at movement in a particular DIRECTION. nonlinear response, position insensitive. |
|
|
Term
| orientation columns (pinwheels) |
|
Definition
| bars organized near other bars with similar orientation (40 degrees, 45 degrees) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| laterally, nearby cells within layer correspond with visual space, but makes no difference between electrode vertically and visual space (will appear in a clump) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency to prefer visual input from one eye to the other, most prefer RIGHT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| right hem temporal lobe, implied faces and body +blurred face > face itself |
|
|
Term
| Parahippocampal place area (PPA) |
|
Definition
| activated by structures/shapes |
|
|
Term
| extrastriate body area (EBA) |
|
Definition
| activated by bodies and body parts,but not by faces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the phenomenological method: "What did you percieve?" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| method of finding absolute threshold: measures intensity at which you can perceive a stimulus (ascending or descending order) expectancy and momentum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| continuously vary stimulus until you find a point thats barely detectable, |
|
|
Term
| method of constant stimuli |
|
Definition
| most effective but timely, 5-9 random stimuli points, determine % of times that observer percieved each intensity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assign a standard stimulus and label (10), then change intensity and ask for a new assigned number |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reaction time measured, find one stimuli among many, as quick as possible. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adaptation: stimulating a neuron, after a while, it fires less. when you wait and then stimulate, you'll get less of a response. 1)neurons firing rate goes down 2) neuron fires less when stimulus is immediately present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| experiments: cat raised in a world of only horizontal lines and after a while becomes blind to opposite orientation. loss of capacity with no experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deliberate reduction or removal of stimuli from one or more of the senses (blindfold, ablation in animals) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| way to test babies ability to have vision, babies can imitate facial gestures *built in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 27/36 pick shallow end, 3/36 pick deep end (diff in heartrate also measured) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when two very different images are presented on the same places on the L and R eyes, perception alternates, firing of IT neurons was different for each picture. |
|
|
Term
| examples of normal learning |
|
Definition
| TAKE TIME: dark adaptation (cone->rod) and selective adaptation (prolonged stimulus) INSTANT: one-trial learning (spot/dog) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microelectrode inserted into its skull and into a neuron in the area of the brain that is of interest. The electrode measures the changes in charge as the neuron reaches its action potential. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1)position electrode so its picking up signals form a single nerve fiber 2) flash light and see effect ( up or down AP's) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measures how much red light reflects from structure. must remove a patch of skull (only used in animals) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| injection of low dose radioactive tracer, enters bloodflow, and changes in brain activity (changes in bloodflow) are monitored. TEMPORAL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| poor temporal, good spatial. blood oxygen level. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| magnetic stimulation: coils with magnetic fields induced in tissue beneath coil. poor spatial resolution, can cause visuals. temporal good. |
|
|
