both factors are between participants

Group 1 = salt,small Group 2 = Salt, large

Group 3 = sugar small Group 4 = sugar large

both factors within

Group 1 = salt small and salt large, sugar small and sugar large

one factor is within and the other is between

Ex: if sauce type is between then each group will get either salt or sugar but if within then each group will get both

if amount is between then each group will get either large or small but if within then each group will get both

Naturalistic OR participant

Covert or Overt and Disguised or undisguised

researcher just watches, not interact

if overt: desensitization (slowly get participants accustomed to your presence by moving closer and closer)

or Habituation (show up frequently in vicinity and they will slowly stop reacting)

researcher interacts with observees

either disguised or undisguised

Reactivity = presence/knowledge of observer influences subject's behavior

Observation bias = biased observations on the part of the observer (fix by having multiple observers)

Observation notes = take asap so less memory contamination

Recording = audio, video; typically broad and unstructured data will need

data reduction = recode

Static = info that stays stable throughout observation session

Ex: age, gender, setting

Action = looking for specific behaviors; each action has own operational definition

Time sampling = sampling the times at which observations are made

systematically (every hour etc) or randomly (random chosen time points or intervals)

Event sampling = sample the events that include the behavior of interest

systematically or randomly

sample a variety of settings and circumstances where behavior of interest occurs

Ex: observe play behavior at multiple playgrounds

Ex: observe teaching at multiple schools

Doing an experiment in a naturalistic setting

Difference from observational = researcher is actually manipulating a variable

Ex: instead of observing how primates share food, researcher manipulates where food is etc

use them before or after experiment

controlling for extraneous variables

checking for manipulation

interpreting the data better

Most common: Exit survey and stimuli norming

Pro = can reach large number of people easily, good for gaining sensitive info

Con: can't clarify questions and can't verify the identity of the respondents

pro = can reach large # of people and wide sets of potential respondents

Con = low response rate ( could raise a bit by incentives )

Group administered surveys

pro and con

Pro = high response rate 

Con = time constraint

Pro = cheap and fast

con = can suffer from low response rate (can raise by making it a paid survey)

Pro = better choice if ability to clarify questions is important; higher response rate 

con = greater risk of interviewer bias

Landline? cell?

low response rate

pro = can verify identity of respondent; high response rate

con = can't assure anonymity so more likely to produce socially desirable answers; expensive and time consuming

open = rich information but hard to analyze, often need to do data reduction

closed = yes/no, multiple choice, rating scale, forced answers 

change's people responses 

a question whose wording includes information that leads people to a particular response

adopting consistent way of answering all questions especially towards end of a long survey

answer all positively, negatively, or neutrally 

"yea" saying

people say yes or or strongly agree to every item

answering in the middle of the scale

how to avoid: take away neutral option

faking good (sometimes faking bad)

how to avoid/lessen? anonymous surveys

Evaluate people’s opinions about sensitive topics

Strength of associations between concepts (e.g., black

people, gay people, old people) and evaluations (e.g.,

good, bad) or stereotypes (e.g., athletic, clumsy)

People’s response speed is unconsciously

influenced by the task-irrelevant classification

categories