Term
| How many lobes are in the brain |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the lobe called that is located at the back of the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the lobe called that is located at the back and towards the top of the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What divides the frontal and parietal lobe? |
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Definition
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Term
| What divides the temporal and frontal lobe? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many neurons are in the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Cell body, axon, synapse, and dendrites are all parts of the ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| How many other neurons is each individual neuron connected to? |
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Definition
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Term
| The point of contact between the neurons is called the _______ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How much area does the cortex cover? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the "hills" and "valleys" called in the brain? |
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Definition
| A gyrus is a hill, a sulcus is a valley. |
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Term
| What lobe is located at the front of the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of the Frontal Lobe? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of the Parietal Lobe |
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Definition
| Perception of Stimuli related to touch, pressure, temperature, pain. Attention. Spatial Cognition |
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Term
| What are the funcitons of the Temporal Lobe? |
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Definition
| Visual Perception, object recognition, auditory processing. |
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Term
| What are the functions of the Occipital Lobe? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define Lateralization of Function: |
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Definition
| One side of the brain is more crucial for a given function and/or more efficient at the underlying computational tasks |
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Term
| Lateralization of Function occurs in varying degrees, true or false. |
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Definition
| True. There are both strong and weak lateralization of function, depending upon the function. |
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Term
| The right side of the brain controls the _______ side of the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| What area of the brain spans the back of the frontal lobe, and the front of the parietal lobe? |
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Definition
| The Sensorimotor Cortex, made up of the Precentral gyrus, and the postcentral gyrus. |
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Term
| What area of the brain represents sensation from most body parts? |
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Definition
| The Sensorimotor Cortex, made up of the Precentral gyrus, and the postcentral gyrus. |
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Term
| Ambidextrous people are less bilateral, meaning they show, less lateralization of function to both sides of the brain. True or false? |
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Definition
| False. Ambidextrous people are more likely to be bilateral, having lateralization of function on both sides of the brain, than right or left handed people are. |
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Term
| What did scientists study to discover lateralization of function? |
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Definition
| Most evidence of lateralized brain function comes from observing how brain damage affects behavior on various sorts of cognitive tasks |
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Term
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Definition
| One hemisphere of the brain is anesthetized (numbed). The patient is then asked to perform a series of memory and language related tests. The aim is to determine which side of the brain is responsible for certain vital cognitive functions like speech and memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Leborgne was Paul Broca's star patient. He had a major lesion in his left frontal lobe (now called Broca's area). He could only say "tan", but understood waht was said to him, and could communicate using intonation. |
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Term
| What are Brodmann's areas? |
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Definition
| Brodmanns areas are regions of the brain defined based on the structure and organization of their cells, or cytoarchitectonics. |
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Term
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Definition
| Partial or total loss of ability to articulate ideas due to brain damage |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to speak, or to produce spontaneous speech. People with Broca's aphasia cannot speak, but they can understand others when they speak. |
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Term
| Describe Wernicke's Aphasia |
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Definition
| Patients talk fluently, excessively and use made up words. Their hearing is intact, but they don't understand what is being said to them. |
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Term
| Describe the function of an oligodendrocyte. |
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Definition
| Oligodendrocytes apply myelin sheaths to the axons of neurons. |
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Term
| The structure of the brain stops changing around age 5. True or false? |
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Definition
| False. The neural architecture of the brain undergoes continuous remodeling throughout adolescence |
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Term
| The volume of the brain stops increasing around age 5. True or false? |
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Definition
| True. Little additional growth of brain occurs after age 5 or 6. |
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Term
| The idea that brain development is finished at approximately age 5, is which of the following: An old and outdated view, or the current view. |
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Definition
| Outdated. The current view is that the brain continues to develop long after 5 years of age. |
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Term
| Gray matter volume decreases with age, true or false? |
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Definition
| False. Gray matter volume is steady until atrophy sets in. |
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Term
| What connects Broca's and Wernicke's area according to the Wernicke-Geschwind Model? |
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Definition
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Term
| When are the fastest age related changes to grey matter volume? |
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Definition
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Term
| As the brain ages, white matter decreases. True or false? |
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Definition
| False. As the brain ages, white matter increases. |
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Term
| Name the type of imaging that measures the diffusion (motion) of protons in water molecules. |
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Definition
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Term
| Do protons diffuse in one general direction, or in a specific direction, when suspended in water? |
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Definition
| In free water, proton diffusion is isotropic, meaning the protons diffuse evenly in all directions |
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Term
| What is it called when fiber tracts get in the way of proton diffusion, and cause them to diffuse in a specific direction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Increased myelination and axon size leads to higher or lower fractional anisotropy? |
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Definition
| As axons grow thicker from myelination, less space is left between them for water. This means that protons cannot diffuse in all directions, but only in the directions where there is still water. Therefore, increased myelination and axon size leads to higher fractional anisotropy. |
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Term
| In rats, does fractional anisotropy increase or decrease with age? |
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Definition
| Fractional anisotropy increases with age |
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Term
| In humans, does fractional anisotropy increase or decrease with age? |
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Definition
| Fractional anisotropy increases with age |
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Term
| Quicker reaction time is associated with which of the following? High anisotropy, or low fractional anisotropy? |
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Definition
| Quick reaction times are associated with high fractional anisotropy. |
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Term
| Who has better spatial working memory? Kids with high fractional anisotropy, or low anisotropy? |
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Definition
| Kids with high anisotropy had better spatial working memory. |
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Term
| What is the fain striatum responsible for? |
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Definition
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Term
| People who were taught to juggle experienced a temporary increase in gray matter and fractional anisotropy. True or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bad readers who were tutored intensively for 10 weeks experienced increases in fractional anisotropy. True or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is cortical surface area a heritable trait? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is cortical thickness a heritable trait? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are cortical surface area, and cortical thickness genetically independent of each other? |
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Definition
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Term
| Fractional Anisotropy in brain fiber tracts is not a heritable trait. True or false? |
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Definition
| False. FA is a heritable trait. |
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Term
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Definition
| Making a sh sound instead of a s sound, or a th sound instead of an f sound. |
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Term
| What is the head preference procedure? |
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Definition
| When child directed speech is played to a baby, they turn their head in its direction. |
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Term
| If a baby sucks on a pacifier quickly they dislike the stimulus, true or false? |
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Definition
| False. They like the stimulus. |
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Term
| Do infants get better or worse and discriminating between similar sounds in foreign languages as they get older? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can infants remember new words they have learned through hearing a story after two weeks? |
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Definition
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Term
| did babies look at upright or upside down faces longer |
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Definition
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Term
| When shown different billiard ball collisions, did babies look at the abnormal, or normal ones longer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the sapir-whorf hypothesis? |
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Definition
| Our perception is changed by the language we speak. |
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Term
| North, south, east, and west are this kind of direction. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a relative direction? |
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Definition
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Term
| do mayans use absolute, or relative directions for everything? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cultures use relative directions, but absolute directions for long distances? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who discriminates between tight and loose fitting objects? |
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Definition
| Koreans discriminate, english adults do not, but infants do. |
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Term
| People who speak in a vertically written language think _________. People who speak in a horizontally written language think _________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Can be heard by everyone, ASL fails |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals can hear and internalize the message they have sent, ASL fails, it looks different to the speaker. |
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Term
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Definition
| There is no direct connection between a signal and its meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| Each unit of communication can be separated and unmistakable |
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Term
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Definition
| Language can be broken down into meaningless parts. |
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Term
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Definition
| using a prefix or suffix to change the part of speech of the word (Locate +ion) |
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Term
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Definition
| Language can be passed down from one generation to the next |
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Term
| Where are mirror neurons? |
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Definition
| The premotor cortex, superior temporal sulcus, and inferior parietal lobule |
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Term
| Point light biological motion activated which part of the brain? |
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Definition
| Posterior Superior Central Sulcus |
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Term
| What kind of imaging has good spatial resolution and poor temporal resolution |
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Definition
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Term
| When looking at a robot and a human, which did the left hemisphere prefer? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which part of the brain responded to android motion? |
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Definition
| Anterior Intraparietal Sulcus |
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Term
| Which part of the brain responded to human motion? |
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Definition
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Term
| Physical Properties of music |
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Definition
| Frequency - vibrations per second |
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Term
| Psychological Characteristics of Sound |
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Definition
| Timbre - differentiates piano from voice, from guitar, the unique characteristics of a specific sound |
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Term
| What is the mcgurk effect |
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Definition
| visual input is stronger than auditory |
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Term
| What parts of the brain are activated by the emotion of listening to music? |
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Definition
| anterior cingulate, insula, and ventral striatum (dopamine reward systems) |
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Term
| Is it possible to have amusia without aphasia? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Event Related Potential. the measured brain response that is the direct result of a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event. |
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Term
| How are an EEG and an MEG different? Which one has higher temporal resolution? |
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Definition
| EEG and MEG are different in that the EEG has high temporal resolution, and low spatial resolution. MEG uses SQUIDS to measure magnetic fields induced by neuron activity in cortex |
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Term
| Neurons in what area cared about the sound, but didn't care about the beat? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are is specialized to care about the sound, not the beat? |
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Definition
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Term
| What area has neurons that care about the beat and the sound? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of machine gives whole head imaging at good temporal resolution? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Ramon Y Cajal, what kind of cells are in the cerebellum? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Ramon Y Cajal, what kind of cells are in the cortex? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does an action potential originate? |
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Definition
| In the cell body (soma) near the axon hillock of the cell. |
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Term
| Who made the neuron doctrine, saying that the brain is made up of little cells called neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is the absolute frame of reference (north south east west) allocentric or egocentric? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the brain is responsible for transmitting egocentric info to the hippocampus, where it is then used to construct allocentric info? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which part of the brain aids in knowing where you are in space? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are cells that fire when you stand in a specific spot? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do place cells fire relative to where you are in the room, or where you are in the world? |
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Definition
| Where you are in the room |
|
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Term
| where are grid cells found? |
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Definition
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Term
| If you let an animal wander around, these cells fire in a tessellated triangular pattern. |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of cell cares about the direction you are facing, and the speed at which you are moving? |
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Definition
| Head direction cells. "If I know what direction I'm going and I know how fast I'm moving in that direction, then I know how far I've gone". |
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Term
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Definition
| Take a scene and break it down into key features to determine what's going on. (Smiles on people boxing says they are playfully fighting) |
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Term
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Definition
| Put yourself in the shoes of the person you are looking and and simulate what they might be going through to understand the situation. |
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Term
| Perception action mechanisms that allow for simulation theory to work |
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Definition
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Term
| What parts of the brain are involved in the mirror neuron system? |
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Definition
| STS, IFG, and IPL as a network of interconnected areas. |
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Term
| Damage to this system leads to the inability to understand action or empathize |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What does a congruent mirror neuron do? |
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Definition
| The thing observed must involve the same action (e.g.. grabbing) cares about the movements. |
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Term
| What does a logically related Mirror Neuron do? |
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Definition
| Doesn't matter how action is completed, focuses on the end goal. Ex. Eating a banana vs. Eating an apple vs. eating dinner |
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Term
| What area of the brain is sensitive to biological motion when observing it? |
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Definition
| Superior Temporal Sulcus, as well as frontal cortex, sma, insula, thalamus, amygdala |
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Term
| What is the normal oscillation for Mu Rhythms? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| When is suppression of Mu Rhythms seen? |
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Definition
| When an individual views an action |
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|
Term
| Do autistic people show suppression when watching someone complete an action? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Did autistic kids mu rhythms suppress when they watched familiar people do things? |
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Definition
| Yes, unfamiliarity is the problem. They have no emotional salience for strangers |
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Term
| When parts of the mirror neuron system were diactivated by transcranial magnetic stimulation, were patients able to tell the difference between emotions |
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Definition
| No, their mu rhythms also were not suppressed |
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Term
| Explain the neurofeedback rationale |
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Definition
| Mirror neuron system areas in the brain may be over or underconnected. If we can change Mu rhythms, this may lead to changes in the brain to fix autism by normalizing mirror neuron system engagement. |
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Term
| What's the difference between PTSD and traumatic stress? |
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Definition
| TS is shorter in duration |
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Term
| This part of the brain is involved in fear conditioning, emotional memory, recognition of emotional faces, and certain types of addictions |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What type of people have amygdala hypo function? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three fear responses? |
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Definition
| Freezing, hormonal release, and increased blood pressure. |
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Term
| True or false, people with a damaged amygdala are not responsive to fear conditioning. |
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Definition
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Term
| After a fear is conditioned, the signal from the amygdala never goes away, the _______ controls the strength of signals after a time however. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Fear memory consolation window is how long? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| If you take beta blockers right after a traumatic event, what is the effect? |
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Definition
| Could minimize your chance of obtaining PTSD. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 in 88 children are born with it. |
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Term
| In order to be diagnosed with autism, a child has to have at least ___ unusual social aspects, at least ___ unusual communication aspect, and at least __ restrictive/repetitive aspect. |
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Definition
| 22 unusual social, 1 unusual communication, 1 restrictive/repetitive |
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Term
| What percentage of autistic children are undiagnosed by the age of 4? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| If one child has autism, the percent chance that its sibling will also have autism is... |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How old does a baby have to be to prefer faces over patterns? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain is exploration involved in? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a saccade pattern? |
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Definition
| A jerking around of the eyes, this shows interest |
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Term
| How long before infants develop a preference for their native language? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Did autistic, or normal children have bilateral activation when hearing speech? |
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Definition
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Term
| In mexico, what is the spoken language by airplane crews and pilots to each other? and what language is spoken to air traffic control? |
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Definition
| To themselves and air crew: Spanish, although some english is in the paperwork. To air traffic control, english |
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Term
| In Japan, what language is spoken by the pilots to the flight deck, and what language is spoken to the ground crew? |
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Definition
| English and Japanese to flight deck, Japanese to ground crew. |
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Term
| What is one reason poorer countries have more aviation accidents? |
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Definition
| Because they have less money to teach english, the language of the aviation industry. Also less likely to have translation equipment. |
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Term
| What language do japanese pilots speak to air traffic control? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A japanese man speaks english perfectly, but with a japanese accent when talking to another japanese person who is not as proficient. What is this called? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Name this tool for supporting navigation of time coded data from multiple sources. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Anchoring an imagined structure onto a real structure is called |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| In a tic tac toe game (3x3), did people perform better using only their imagination, or with a piece of paper and a grid to project their imaginations on? |
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Definition
| People did better with their imagination, but in a 4x4 game played quicker when playing with projection |
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Term
| Describe Tight Temporal Coupling |
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Definition
| Pairing of what you see and what you do. Must be coordinated and quick for it to be useful. If the action that results from what you're doing is delayed, it makes the act useless. |
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