Term
| Flashbulb: earthquake study |
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Definition
Two locations: Near and far (ties or no ties)
1 day and year later
measured memory, confidence, rehearsal
Near had good memory, relatively better then most, media intrusions
distance: ties = okay, no ties= bad
significant main effect of location
emotions and close related to memory
not impact of arousal or rehearsal |
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Definition
Proximity issue: mixed results, not as strong
explored encoding with a schema. Self-referent encoding
immediacy of viewing in creased memory, arousal? |
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Definition
| if an events is important to you, you are more detailed and confident |
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Definition
encoding specificity: don't remember much before 5 because we don't have experience things in same perspectives </
literacy: don't have verbal ability, just visual |
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Definition
rehearsal
second is OCD traits |
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Term
| Loftus and Palmer: Reconstruction of Memory |
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Definition
valence of verbs impacting recall
bumped, smashed, collided
more valence, increased speed reported
leading questions (headlight) and bad at estimating speed |
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Term
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Definition
| the longer the delay, the worse the memory |
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Term
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Definition
| Previous exposures to individual increases recall, even if unrelated or not identified as target |
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Definition
| overtime, particular features become exaggerated in memory and recall |
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Term
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Definition
| deference: we look down out of fear |
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Term
| framing (base rates) and recall |
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Definition
| how I frame a question can change your reconstruction |
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Term
| Implicit Associations Task |
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Definition
| If we have biases, certain items are accessed more easily in memory based on associations = short RTs </br> Done with Words and pictures |
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Term
| Implicit Associations Task: Race and pictures |
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Definition
| A.A. and Caucasian faces and words </br> 2 connotations for each button, then switched sides </br> |
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Term
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Definition
| Design to improve interviewing witnesses </br> 1- use recall, not recognition </br> 2- recall backward, various places </br> 3- awareness of biases: ask to be aware </br> 4- motivating accuracy doesn't work |
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Term
| Expertise and memory: chess * |
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Definition
| recall board positions (real game and random) </br> #of moves ahead a myth </br> experts better at real board, chunking </br> no differences in random board </br> correlation along expertise level of memory </br> no transfer |
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Term
| Expertise and memory: chess and kids |
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Definition
| kids are universal novices, no knowledge base </br> kid chess experts vs. college students </br> Kids good at real boards, but not random and digit spans task </br> college good at digit, but not any chess boards </br> due to domain specific knowledge and strategy, not architecture </br> |
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Term
| Expertise and memory: dinosaur and kids * |
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Definition
| remembers more familiar dinosaurs </br> amazing due to memory is 7 +/- 2 </br> mapping his responses: strategies, chunking, first response |
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Term
| Knowledge representations |
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Definition
| episodic- autobiographical memory </br> semantic - meaning </br> procedural- how to </br> imagery- pictorial image memory |
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Term
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Definition
| humans are limited in process and space </br> hierarchy: store information only once, stored at highest level, RT should be longer for higher facts </br> supported: canary breathes is slow |
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Term
| Violations of cognitive economy hierarchy |
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Definition
| a pig is an animal faster than mammal(needs to meet assumptions) </br> typicality: robin is a bird faster than kiwi |
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Term
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Definition
| distance indicates relatedness </br> once one is activated, spreads </br> individual differences </br> lexical decisions task </br> Fast: doctor/nurse </br> medium: butter/nurse </br> slow: fake word/doctor </br> activation through network of 1 node = 1 concept NOT one neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| neuronally inspired, not constrained </br> pattern of similarity =similar concept </br> similar features results in activation </br> explains tip of the tongue and priming </br> inhibition of nodes </br> used in language and mathetical/computer modeling research |
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Term
| Adaptive control of thought |
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Definition
| 3 types of knowledge: </br> Semantic (connectionist), </br> images </br> procedures (how to) |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of propositions </br> productions of if, then statements </br> unconscious and unlikely |
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Term
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Definition
| modules for specific tasks </br> informationally encapsulated |
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Term
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Definition
| degree to which abilities are localized </br> exists of a sliding scale </br> right side- no familiar sinstrality: right=spatial left=language </br> left handed is mixed </br> true lefts, revered function is rare |
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Term
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Definition
| uses scored on: </br> fluency- overall # </br> flexibility- # of categories </br> elaboration- detailed |
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Term
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Definition
| Analogue imagery </br> propositional thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| represents the real world, follows rules </br> Kosslyn measure mental "screen" </br> activation same for thinking and seeing </br> use it to solve problems, distinctive from verbal thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| all thinking is verbal/propositions of if__ then ___ </br> epiphenomenal: not a phenomenon in itself, by product of thinking </br> imagery is let off of thoughts |
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Term
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Definition
| dual task paradigm </br> spatial or verbal </br> pointing to answer or verbal response </br> Imagery task: visualize a point moving around object and respond if point is outside </br> faster when doing it out loud </br> Verbal task: word = noun? </br> shared process when pointing, more overlap in variance |
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Term
| Imagery: mental rotations |
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Definition
| established mental rotations in IQ tests </br> rotate objects in 3d (plane and depth) </br> RT angular disparity </br> depth had no impact </br> rotation distance the function of time |
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Term
| Mental rotation and single cell recordings |
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Definition
| fires for activation in rotation </br> analogues for real world, we manipulate imagery |
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Term
| Picture in mind: kosslyn and imagery |
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Definition
| Ss memorize drawings till replication </br> image a dot moving up a tower as responding about features </br> replicated with word lists to show can't be held verbally </br> |
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Term
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Definition
| replicated non-linear and more abstract imagery task using maps </br> replicated, but issues of demand characteristics of directions </br> replication of reverse instructions or no directions show no difference </br> we scan images just like we look at pictures |
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Term
| Spatial individual differences* |
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Definition
| eye tracking found eye tracking for rotation </br> piece meal vs. holistic processing = gender differences |
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Term
| Size of visual imagery/resolution |
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Definition
| imagined small and large items next to each other </br> differences in details recalled based on scale </br> elephant and rabbit, rabbit and ant |
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Term
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Definition
| cannot reverse image (recall, imagine, draw) </br> argument for image based on characteristics listed in the mind </br> some features exaggerated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ask questions about locations, demonstrated we store information is verbal and categorical </br> not a mental picture of a map </br> replicated with fictious maps |
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Definition
| base knowledge off heuristics </br> rotate to make easier </br> still a picture, less detailed </br> |
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Term
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Definition
| used to structures and straight lines, straighten maps out |
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Term
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Definition
| maps are based on our biases |
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Term
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Definition
| Recall and recognition of pennies </br> confidence ratings (highly confident)</br> we activate a coin schema, blurry image with no much details |
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Term
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Definition
| drops off after age 5, shift to focus on verbal |
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Term
| Store images in detail or meaningful objects? |
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Definition
| meaningful chunks </br> not details |
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Term
| Messy office memory and gender diffs. |
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Definition
| SS sit in office, asked to recall object locations </br> no difference before 13 </br> argument= at puberty brain is reorganized differently </br> issue due to inherent differences regardless of spatial ability </br> replicated using picture of random objects moved or replaced </br> women still better, evolutionarily different |
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Term
| Wason card task and expertise |
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Definition
| task become easier with expertise |
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Term
| Ways to break bad problem solving |
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Definition
| incubation </br> restructing </br> concretizing |
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Term
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Definition
| leave it and return it, works because: </br> subconsciously </br> remove mental set for a problem </br> sleep: increases automaticity |
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Term
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Definition
| we are limited by perceived limits </br> no actual ones or rules |
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Term
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Definition
simply making something concrete
performance increases |
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Term
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Definition
reproductive thinking
productive thinking |
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Term
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Definition
do something you already have as a behavior
rote repetition |
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Term
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Definition
generalizable response
conceptual
teaches to generate things themselves |
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Term
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Definition
people prefer an overly general explanation prevalent in clinical psychologists and personality tests people will prefer and believe general descriptions of themselves and others probably based on activation for schema
working memory is rested
pick up on similarities more easily |
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Term
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Definition
| explanation fallacy- what the chances we ignore base rates and opposing occurrences selective attention too much information |
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Term
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Definition
any strand is equally likely
anthropomorphism: sex of children is 50/50 |
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Term
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Definition
availability heuristic: based on what comes to mind
if its vivid, sticks in the mind |
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Definition
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Term
| analyzing spatial ability |
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Definition
visualization
rotation
multiple transformations |
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Term
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Definition
generally represent a stimulus
create visual image of stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
working memory is responsible
hold onto each transformation
most reliable |
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Term
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Definition
biggest individual differences
simply rotate |
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Term
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Definition
can vary between 2-18%
sex differences more pronounced for 3D
familiarity helps
more variance within a sex than between
women take longer to rotate, but same at no rotation |
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Term
| 3 explanations for sex differences |
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Definition
evolution
hormonal influence
socialization |
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Term
| gender differences: evolution |
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Definition
different abilities
females better at spatial memory
men better at rotation
spatial memory understudied |
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Term
| gender differences: hormonal influence |
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Definition
prenatal hormones
female twin with male twin better spatial ability
postnatal: post puberty hormone levels (kimura)
measure testosterone/hormones and cycles |
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Term
| gender differences: socialization |
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Definition
survey college student of childhood interests
correlated with spatial ability
more spatial tows=higher spatial ability
training to use spatial items/ games = video games
issue with control group confounds |
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