Term
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Definition
| refers to all processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used |
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Term
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Definition
| participants read the story, war of the ghosts and after asked them to recall it as accurately as possible |
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Term
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Definition
| how long it takes for a person to make a decision |
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Term
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Definition
our overall experience is determined by combining basic elements of experience called sensations |
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Term
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Definition
Trained participants describe their
experiences and thought process in
response to stimuli
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Term
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Definition
| the study of observable behaviour |
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Term
| Phonological Bias Technique |
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Definition
a method of inducing speech errors by having participants
read a series of phonological
patterns
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Term
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Definition
a filter that acts on incoming information, letting some
of this information in for further processing |
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Term
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Definition
| listening to two different things at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
repeating what is being said, it is not a measure of
attention but of linguistics |
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Term
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Definition
the amount of a person's cognitive resoures needed
to carry out a particular task |
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Term
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Definition
uses up a low amount or high amount of a person's
cognitive resources |
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Term
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Definition
| we miss things when we aren't focused on them |
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Term
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Definition
| when things change gradually, unless you are looking at them right when they start to change, you don't notice them |
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Term
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Definition
| the distribution of attentio among two or more tasks which depends on the difficulty of the task and how much practice the person has had in doing the task |
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Term
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Definition
| an automatic attraction of attention by a sudden visual stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| when you consciously scan your environment |
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Term
| Impression of Continous Reality |
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Definition
| visual information isn't processed while you're moving but you have the impression that it is doing so |
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Term
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Definition
| the observer analyzes a scene based on what they know from the particular scene |
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Term
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Definition
| attention can be influenced by stimulus of the colour, contrast or movement of a scene ex we are attracted to areas of contrast |
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Term
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Definition
| directing sense organs towards a stimulus source |
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Term
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Definition
| mentally focusing on one of the several possible sensory stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| we have a conscious threshold and below this we can still percieve and process things |
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Term
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Definition
| when information is being internalized in the peripheral but it is not acknowledged in conscious awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| controlling distraction, having to do with inhibition |
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Term
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Definition
| neural responding in attention is affected by shifting covertly (eye movements) |
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Term
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Definition
| we can incorrectly combine perceptual features because each of those features is processed and exists independently of the others ex a ball, red, round, rolls |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of retaining ,retrieving and using information about stimuli, events and ideas etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| a brief retention of the effects of sensory stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| a direct visual representation of what happened |
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Term
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Definition
| a rare memory mistaken for photographic memory |
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Term
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Definition
| the things you learned first in memory get confused with the things you learned later |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of the capacity of short term memory (magical 7) |
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Term
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Definition
| grouping things together that are associated in order to remember things better |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of the phonological store, which has limited capacity, an the articulatory rehearsal process responsible for verbal and auditory rehearsal |
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Term
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Definition
| pulls information from long term memory an coordinates it with working memory |
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Term
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Definition
| holds visual and spatial information in the visual cache, which stores information in the inner scribe, which rehearses that infromation |
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Term
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Definition
| was added to working memory by Braddely to account for the ability to chunk information |
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Term
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Definition
| they beleve that memory can be explained as a mathematical model with a single area of storage that accounts for both LTM and STM |
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Term
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Definition
| knowledge of your own memory (long term alcoholics don't have this) |
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Term
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Definition
| will answer questions and make up stories with detailed information and believable lies that they believe to be true as they tell them |
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Term
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Definition
| if things are rehearsed in the beginning they get more rehearsal time |
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Term
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Definition
| the last digit will be more fresh in your mind because you just heard it (a 30 sec delay will ruin this) |
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Term
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Definition
| the way memory will be stored and maintained |
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Term
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Definition
| how you will get things out of memory |
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Term
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Definition
| putting things into memory |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of long term memory that consists of episodic (personal events) and semantic (facts and knowledge) knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of priming (based on previous experience) procedural memory (memory for doing things) and conditioning (pairing a neutral stimulus with a positive or negative simtulus) |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when presentation of a stimulus changes the response to a test stimulus either positively or negatively (with an increase or decrease in speed or accuracy) |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when enhancement is caused based on the meaning of the stimulus ex presenting the world furniture and when being tested thinking of the answer chair |
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Term
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Definition
| representing items in short tem memory based on their sound |
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Term
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Definition
| representing items visually like a map |
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Term
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Definition
| representing items in your mind, in terms of their meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| the deeper you process something the better it is encoded in your memory |
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Term
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Definition
| being able to regurgitate things better in the place where you encoded them |
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Term
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Definition
| learning with a particular internal state such as a mood or awareness and being tested in the same state |
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Term
| Transfer Appropriate Processing |
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Definition
| if you encode with a rhyming task and are asked for rhming recognition you will be more successful then not because they are matching the encoding to the testing means |
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Term
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Definition
| relating words to yourself |
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Term
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Definition
| transform memories from a fragile state to a more permanent state |
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Term
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Definition
| memory about you and the events in your past, knowledge about the world |
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Term
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Definition
| people that are older remember events from between their teen years until their 30's |
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Term
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Definition
| we remember things more when we go through a lot of life transitions |
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Term
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Definition
| life events that help form a self-image will hold strong in memory |
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Term
| Cultural Life Script Hypothesis |
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Definition
| we remember generic life milestones that everyone goes through (graduation, marriage, highschool) |
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Term
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Definition
| are rememberd better then other memories but are often not accurate |
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Term
| Narrative Rehearsal Hypothesis |
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Definition
| when memories come to mind easier because they are rehearsed in the media and with other people |
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Term
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Definition
| you attribute the source of information from coming somewhere different then where it actually came from |
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Term
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Definition
| our knowledge of the world |
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Term
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Definition
| our conceptiong of the sequence of actions that usually occur during a particular experience |
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Term
| The Misinformation Effect |
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Definition
| when a person's memory for an event is modified by things that happen after the event has occurred |
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Term
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Definition
| attention during a scenario will be drawn to a weapon if there is one present |
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Term
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Definition
| there are better exemplars of categories in your mind that are ideal to represent that category |
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Term
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Definition
| features necessary for something to be part of a category |
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Term
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Definition
| a typical member of a category |
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Term
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Definition
| in a hierarchal model, the characteristics stated apply to everything below the node so that there are no repetition of characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| attached characteristics in a hierarchal model will be retrieved more easily by memory |
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Term
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Definition
| body movements that get more exaggerated with a rise in emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| gestureing out a motion while trying to explain something |
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Term
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Definition
| conveying emotion without speech |
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Term
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Definition
| gesturing that usually occur without speech ex OK thumbs up |
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Term
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Definition
| gestures that happen once per phrase with no particular identity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| gestures that symoblize something ex like forming your hands into a round shap to represent a ball |
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Term
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Definition
| knowledge in our minds about what words mean and what sounds they make |
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Term
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Definition
| sounds and their patterning (syllables) |
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Term
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Definition
| the smallest meaningful units |
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Term
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Definition
| structure of sentences and phrases |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the process of perceiving individual words in a flow of speech |
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Term
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Definition
| when we talk there are no breaks between words |
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Term
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Definition
| sentences that lead you down a certain mental path and then at the last minute there's a word that changes the entire context of that sentence |
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Term
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Definition
| parsing language based on what you believe the sentence to mean because of the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| understanding a phrase from one sentence to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| understanding the theme or schema of the entire passage to grasp the text easier |
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Term
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Definition
| when people talk each person brings their shared knowledge to the conversation |
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Term
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Definition
| the hierarchal structure in which the story is built to help the reader to comprehend it better (there is a beginning a middle and an end) |
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Term
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Definition
| hearing aids used to amplify sound into the ear drum |
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Term
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Definition
| individual units of speech |
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Term
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Definition
| your brain creates a fusion response when it gets two different messages at once (visual and audio) |
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Term
| Applied Discourse Processing |
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Definition
| how we active link sentences and use memory to understand text and stories |
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Term
| Fication and Suspending Reality |
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Definition
| we can become involved in a narrative and feel suspense even if we know the result |
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Term
| Active Discourse Processing |
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Definition
| based on what you observe going on, sometimes you can find a schema to help you explain it |
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Term
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Definition
| the representation of the text in a person's mind so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part |
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Term
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Definition
| links between adjacent sentences |
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Term
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Definition
| a theme or schema that provides a structure for the sequence of sentences |
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Term
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Definition
| your expectations of a conversation within a certain context |
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Term
| Convergence of Conversation |
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Definition
| when two people are conversing with one another they tend to act alike in movements, choice of vocabulary, dialect and speed of speech |
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Term
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Definition
| pairs of utterances between two people |
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Term
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Definition
| signals in whcih people can percieve informing them that a person is about to stop talking |
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Term
| Attempt-suppressing Signals |
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Definition
| signals people percieve as meaning that the person speaking wants to continue to talk |
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Term
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Definition
| in order to encourage the speaker, as a listener it is important that you nod or make noise so the speaker knows that you are engaged in the conversation |
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Term
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Definition
| information about the conversation that must be stored in LTM |
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Term
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Definition
| bursts of speech that are the planning units of the speaker |
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Term
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Definition
| a preliminary statement to prepare someone for what is to come ex guess what?! |
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Term
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Definition
| women in the past were generally the more likely gender to use rising intonnation when making a statement |
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Term
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Definition
| issues in speech fluency, which can happen to anyone and can be attributed to a disfluency in thought process |
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Term
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Definition
| a disfluency in speech production |
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Term
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Definition
| people can understand speech but are unable to repeat the speech of others |
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Term
| Specific Language Impairment |
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Definition
| an impairment that is specific to language and involves a problem in pragmatics (understanding of language in terms of context) |
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Term
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Definition
| when there is an obstacle between a present state and a goal state and it is not immediately obvious how to get around it |
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Term
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Definition
| a problem with one correct answer |
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Term
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Definition
| problems that don't necessarily have one correct answer |
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Term
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Definition
| when solving these problems its difficult to predict how close you are to finding a solution |
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Term
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Definition
when solving these problems it is easy to predict how close you are to finding a solution
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Term
| Selective Encoding Insights |
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Definition
| distinguishing relevant from irrelevant information |
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Term
| Selective-comparison Insights |
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Definition
| novel perceptions of how new information relates to old information |
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Term
| Selective-combination Insights |
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Definition
| taking selectively encoded and compared information and combining that information in a novel way |
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Term
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Definition
| people's tendency to focus on the specific characteristics of the problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution |
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Term
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Definition
| restricting the use of an object to its familiar functions |
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Term
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Definition
| a frame of mind of an existing model for representing the problem, problem context, or procedure for solving the problem |
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Term
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Definition
| Newell and Simon's Approach, the conditions at the beginning of a problem |
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Term
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Definition
| Newell and Simon's Approach, the solution to the problem |
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Term
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Definition
| Newell and Simon's Approach, actions that take the problem from one state to another |
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Term
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Definition
| using an analogy to solve a problem, noticing a connection between similar problems and using that to help |
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Term
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Definition
| transferring people's experience from one problem to another, it can be positive or negative |
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Term
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Definition
| when you have the design or sample design of something in your head and it is difficult to think of anything else |
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Term
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Definition
| sometimes when you come back to a problem later you do better at it if you know you will come back to it, if you don't you won't do any better |
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Term
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Definition
| involved with reduction of fatigue and additional problem solving |
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Term
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Definition
| involved with problem restructuring, selective forgetting and eliciting new knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of drawing conclusions based off of the information people have |
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Term
| Evaluation of Alternatives |
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Definition
| sometimes the alternatives when making a decision are slim so that everyone ends up with a similar decision |
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Term
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Definition
| shows us that we don't now our preferences and that they are susceptible to manipulation |
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Term
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Definition
| when people make quick judgements off of first impressions |
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Term
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Definition
| in deliberative decision making this can detect hostility in a voice or find a strong move in chess if you are a master |
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Term
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Definition
| in deliberative decision making it can monitor the appropriatness of your behaviour in a social situation and check the validity of a logical argument |
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Term
| Expected Utility Approach |
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Definition
| the assumption that if people have all the information they will make choices that maximize utility (the outcome that achieved a person's goal) |
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Term
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Definition
| the way a problem is framed can manipulate the answer |
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Term
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Definition
| when people low ball your guess about how much something is worth will revolve around that number |
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Term
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Definition
| events that are more easily remembered are judged as being more probable then events that are less easily remembered |
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Term
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Definition
| the probability that A is a member of class B can be determined by how well the properties of A resemble the properties that we associate with class B |
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Term
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Definition
| our tendency to look for information that confirms our hypothesis rather then disproves it |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| we arrive at a conclusion based on what we think is probably true based on evidence |
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Term
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Definition
| the making of definite conclusions based on information which involves using syllogisms |
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Term
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Definition
| types of logical arguments made up of 2 premises and a conclusion based on the information within the premise |
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Term
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Definition
| a way of thinking about cause and effect in the world that is learned as part of experience |
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Term
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Definition
| a perception of a relationship where none exists, we observe correlations of world events to help us predict future events but there correlations are not always true |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical in the brain that is released or activated when something is though to be unfair |
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Term
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Definition
| Schanks defines it as the intersection of propositions across sentences |
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Term
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Definition
| openning a conversation where the summoner indicates a topic |
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Term
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Definition
| people are more successful in real life cases of applying analogies then under lab conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| thinking that is open ended and involving a large number of potential solutions and no correct answer |
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Term
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Definition
| thinking that works towards the solution of a specific problem with a correct answer |
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Term
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Definition
| counting backwards by 3's to ensure rehearsal isn't taking place in short term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| has the ability to manipulate information during complex tasks |
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Term
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Definition
| makes differentiating two similar sounding voices from each other easier |
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Term
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Definition
| listening to a message but hearing his/her name or another distinct message |
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Term
| The Flanker Compatibility Task |
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Definition
| participants were asked to focus on the centre letter looking for either the letter A or B, on either side of these were a compatible letter that looked similar to the centre letter or they were flanked by letters the were incompatible, or didnt look similar, if the task is hard the flankers cant interfere if the task is easy they can, there is more attention to be used |
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Term
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Definition
| changing areas of attention takes time and once your are honed into a particular area you can focus your attention in on it |
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Term
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Definition
| when you are overtly focused on an object, your attention is transfered to the entirety of that object |
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Term
| Covert Attention Procedure |
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Definition
| balancing the effects of overt concentration so that purely covert attention can be tested for |
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Term
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Definition
| a stage of mental processing in which separate features of an object are put together so we can understand what the object is in its intirety |
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Term
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Definition
| a test to see how long a persons working memory lasts, they have to read a sentence and remember the last word of the sentence and do so for each sentence along with the word and the amount they can remember is their working memory span |
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Term
| Contextually Expected Response |
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Definition
| during a conversation the listener will respond by making a sound or saying something in response to a specific thing that the speaker said |
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Term
| Vivo Problem-Solving Research |
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Definition
| researchers observing analogies in naturalistic settings, is quite costly and difficult to control variables |
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