Term
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Definition
The mind creates and controls mental functions such as perception, attention, memory, emotions, etc.
-Also known as a system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within it to achieve our goals |
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| The mental processes such as perception, attention, etc. that the mind does |
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| Donder's Reaction Time Experiment |
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Definition
-This was the first cognitive Psychology experiment!
-People were asked first to press a button the moment they saw a light. They then were asked to press a left button if they saw a certain light, and a right button if they saw another. This timed peoples time it took them to process the task, AKA the first experiment that studied cognitive processes |
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| Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve |
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Definition
| After a memory experiment Ebbinghaus did, he created a graph of the amount of time past an event and how much he remembered. The curve has you forget exponentially after the first 2 days, but comparing 6 to 31 days, there is a minuscule difference. In other words, we forget a lot initially, but only to a point. |
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| A theory that stated our overall experience is made up of basic elements called sensations, which make up our behavior. It compares with the periodic table of elements with a "periodic table of the mind" |
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| A technique where trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli. |
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| Pairing one stimulus with another previously neutral one. |
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The idea that psychology is a purely objective science, and that everything associated with our inner being can be in part related to our outer behavior
-Viewed internal processes as unacceptable to study |
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Definition
| The idea that behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers, such as food or something of approval |
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Definition
| Created by Tolman, these are our concepts of our mind laying out what we view of our environment |
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Definition
| A shift in psychology from the behaviorists perspective to an approach where the main interest was the mind. |
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| Information Processing Model |
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Definition
AN approach that traces the sequences of mental operations involved in cognition.
-Inspired by the computer |
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| History of Flow Diagrams of the Mind |
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Definition
A concept that started from the 1950s, scientists wanted to know how the mind dealt with incoming information. They have become popular in showing how the mind works.
Started With:
Input --> Filter -> Detector -> Memory |
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Term
| Cherry's Selective Attention Experiment |
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Definition
| An experiment where someone was given headphones, and then asked to report something they heard in their right ear. However, a sentence was played in both ears, and Cherry wanted to see how well the person could pay attention to just the sentence on the right. People were able to pay attention! WE can adjust what we listen and pay attention to |
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| Flow Diagrams of the Mind were created by |
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Definition
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Definition
Making a machine behave in ways that would be called intelligent if a human were behaving so.
-Telling a computer to do complex things |
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Linking two memories together in order to make them stronger.
EX: you get the handoff but then get LIT UP. you're more likely to remember the hand off because to link it with the big hit |
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Definition
Steffan Gais had people learn a certain set of words. Then he had one group go to sleep, while the other one stay awake. He then tested how they both remembered the word set, and the sleep group BY FAR out remembered the awake group
-This is because when asleep the memory trace remains in the hypothalmus longer.
-Immediate Sleep helps you remember things |
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Term
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Definition
A book written by B.F. Skinner that stated that our verbal behavior is a product of imitating speech and doing so for the reward of "saying the right thing."
-Lead to debate with Noam Chomsky, but also the idea that people think about what we say |
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Definition
A renaissance philosopher who coined the phrase "I think, therefore I am."
-Acknowledged mind and body were different things |
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Definition
The idea that mind and body are different things
-Also, the view that mental events are not physical events |
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The idea that mental events play a casual role in our behavior
-However there is a gap between mental states and the environment |
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| Human/Animal Discontinuity |
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Definition
| The old Catersian idea that only humans have minds |
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| The idea that "we know our own minds." The Freudian view |
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Definition
| The idea that our minds act on logic (calculation, deduction, induction) |
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Definition
| The idea that agents choose their own actions, and that behavior isn't deterministic |
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| Rejections of Cartesian Scientific Status |
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Definition
-Anti-physicalism rejected because brains "physically think"
-The Human Discontinuity rejected because humans were known to evolve and evolve to what they were today. |
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Definition
1. The mind/body problem
-physical events have physical causes
-mental events cause physical events
-Mentalist theory doesn't explain how mental states are also physical ones
2. The homunculus problem
-Mentalist must explain theories of intelligence, not just intelligent behavior |
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Definition
Follows the views of "eliminative materialism" and behaviorism.
-it explains behavior without relying on mental constructs |
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Definition
| The idea that behavior is caused by neural events, and that mental states don't cause actions! |
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Definition
Watson exposed a little boy to a bunch of stimuli. Hats, dogs, birds, masks, etc.
-At first the boy didnt fear them
-But Watson kept having some of the stimuli appear with a loud noise
-Soon everytime he was exposed to any stimulus, the boy thought the loud noise was coming and would cry at any time of response with the noise stimulus, even if the noise wasnt present. |
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Definition
The idea that our brains behave like computers!
-it stated that our brains were symbolic (were able to dictate things and tell ourselves what they ment)
-our brains are algorithmic (able to process calculations through psychological rationalism
-physical level behave like a computer because the software (our thoughts) runs on the hardware (our physical brain) |
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| How Computer Metaphor Solves problems |
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Definition
-Solves homunculus problem because intelligent processes are cashed out as unintelligent ones
-Solves mind body problem because has both physical brain interaction and info processing in mental states |
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Term
| 3 main parts of Perception |
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Definition
1. Distal Stimulus
2. Proximal Stimulus
3. Percept |
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Definition
| The physical thing being interpreted |
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Definition
| The initial encoding of a stimulus done by our receptors (eyes, skin, etc) |
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Definition
| What we end of thinking about something when we see a stimulus |
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Definition
| Many things possibly happening from one thing |
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Definition
Perceivers use knowledge to construct best interpretation of ambiguous stimulus
EX: the pieces that fit together in a gap to make a triangle |
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Definition
| When perceiving something, the process of going from the distal stimulus to the proximal one has a lot of ambiguity, or a lot of things can come from it. Its the process of going from the proximal stimulus to the percept when when we perceive becomes enriched |
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Term
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Definition
Perception by going from the pieces of something to the whole
EX: seeing all the words in a sentence and piecing together what it means |
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Definition
going from thought about something to the thing you're actually thinking about
EX: Seeing the first two words, and being able to depict what a sentence says, before all the words have been exposed. |
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Definition
When someone recognizes something they find its match in they're long term memory
-This allows for the retrieval of associated information about that thing they recognized |
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| Template Model of Pattern Recognition |
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Definition
Template models are when you match your short term memory with long term memory "templates" you may have previously established.
-This is too simple to explain how we recognize patterns however
EX: Our mind can see a T, but if it doesnt exactly match how a T is supposed to look, according to the template model, we wont see a T! WE would a template for every font of T |
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Definition
When Input is stored, it is put there as a set of features that make up what something is in total
EX: F + _ = E we store the parts! |
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Definition
| The idea that we have detectors for both parts and wholes of distal stimulus. States that we go in a literal "hierarchical order" in perception, going from features to parts to the whole of something. |
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Term
| Word Superiority Experiment |
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Definition
Someone wants to study how well people were able to recognize letters, either with the letters by themselves or when the letters were in words
-The people actually were more likely to remember things when the letters were parts of the word, not by themselves! Thus coining the word superiority effet |
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Term
| Holistic Model of Perception |
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Definition
| The idea that long term memory detectors correspond to wholes (letters and words)to help us detect patterns |
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Term
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Definition
The perception of the parts of something depends on the perception of the whole, while the perception of the whole depends on its parts!
-proves both the holistic and hierarchical model wrong |
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Term
| Problem with the Holistic Model |
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Definition
Ignores Structure
-Mind does perceive things structurally |
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| Problem with Hierarchical Model |
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Definition
Ignores Context
-Not everything goes bottom up like it says! |
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| Dedicated Subsystems of Perception |
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Definition
-Vision vs. Audition
-Early vs. Late |
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Definition
-When we detect "low level features" of something
-Seeing the color, brightness, pitch, etc.
-Recognizing by grouping it into something without being able to distinguish yet |
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Definition
Recognizing precisely what and where something is
-Made out in pattern recognition (what) and 3D spatial layout (where) |
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Definition
The ability to carry out multiple operations or tasks simultaneously
-We are able to perceive multiple things at once |
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Definition
| Rules of thumb that are usually (but not always) correct |
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Definition
Points when connected are seen as belonging with each other, and the lines will be seen in such a way that follow the smoothest path
-Objects overlapping other objects are seen as continuing behind the overlapping object |
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Term
| Gestalt Laws of Perceptual Organization |
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Definition
Laws of how we view and see the world. they include the
-law of similarity
-law of familiarity
-law of pragnanz |
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Term
| Gestalt Law of Similarity |
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Definition
| Items that are similar tend to be grouped together |
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Definition
| Every stimulus is viewed in a way as simple as possible |
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Term
| Gestalt Law of Familiarity |
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Definition
| Things that form patterns that are familiar are more likely to be grouped together |
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Term
| Light From Above Heuristic |
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Definition
| People choose the image interpretation most consistent with a scenario where light is coming from above |
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Term
| Constraint Satisfaction in Perception |
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Definition
There are many sources of constraint (a perception being wrong), whether it be by input, knowledge, a heuristic, etc.
-Constraints are soft however, and can be overridden, which allows heuristics to be wrong |
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Term
| Rich Memory in Perception |
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Definition
One of the design principles of perception
-Prior knowledge has an impact on our perception |
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Definition
Design Principle of Perception
-Lots of information about something can be viewed from our environment |
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Term
| Recognition by Components |
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Definition
| We perceive objects by perceiving elementary features called geons. They are the building blocks in our head that make up objects |
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Definition
| The simple shapes that make up all objects according to the recognition by components theory |
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Term
| Principle of componential recovery |
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Definition
| If we can recover (see) something's geons, we can identify the object |
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Term
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Definition
| A phenomenon where people are able to hear language, and know when one word ends and the next one begins! |
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Term
| Helmholtz's unconscious inference |
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Definition
| Some of our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions that we make about the environment |
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Definition
| The idea that we perceive an object that will most likely have caused a pattern of stimuli we have received |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure that is guaranteed to solve a problem |
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Term
| Gestalt Laws are really... |
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Definition
Just like Heuristics, they can be wrong!
EX: Tree stump one from book!
-Law of good continuation lead you to believe something was behind the tree, but in reality it was just a stump |
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Term
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Definition
| regularly occurring physical properties of the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| People can perceive things that are horizontal and vertical better than other ways |
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Term
| Experience Dependent Plasticity |
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Definition
The mechanism through which the structure of the brain changes with experience.
-People can train and learn to do new things |
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Term
| Gaither Greeble Experiment |
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Definition
Gaither measuredthe brain response of people's reaction to faces, and then responses to things called "greebles." (fake faces) He then trained people into how to accuratley perceive a greeble. After the training, he measured again and saw that greeble response went up, and response to normal faces actually went down!
-Showed brain experience plasticity |
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Term
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Definition
| Moving around and seeing different angles of an object gives us better perception of that object |
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Term
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Definition
| removing a part of the brain and seeing how well something functions without it |
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Definition
| the study of the behavior of people with brain damage |
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Definition
A task where a monkey has to pick between a target object and another object to be rewarded with food
-Monkeys without temporal lobes had issues with this task |
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Term
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Definition
| The "what pathway" is determined through the temporal lobe (determines which objects are which) |
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Definition
A task where monkeys are given two boxes with covers on them. The box with the food in it has an object (a landmark) closer to it. If the monkey removed the lid closer to the landmark it got the food
-Monkeys without parietal lobes had trouble with this task |
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Term
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Definition
| The "where pathway" is determined through the parietal lobe (determines where objects are) |
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Definition
| situations where one function is absent while another function is present |
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Definition
| another term for the "what pathway" |
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Definition
| another term for the "where pathway" |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons that fire both when you perform at task, AND when you watch someone perform that same task |
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Definition
| we perceive size of an object relative to how far away that object is from us |
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Definition
The idea that neurons connect directly with one another, and have one continuous strand along the body to do functioning
-WRONG |
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Definition
| The idea that individual cells transmit signals in the nervous system, and these cells are not attached or continuous |
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Definition
| Big Part of Neuron that keeps cell alive |
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Definition
| Part of neuron that receives signals from other neurons |
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Definition
| the part of neuron that transmits signals to other neurons |
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Definition
| A type of neuron that is specialized for picking up information from the environment |
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Definition
| The gap between neurons where neurotransmitters are sent out and received |
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Term
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Definition
| the electrical impulse sent down an axon saying it whether or not to fire or not fire |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical that is released making it possible for the signal to be transmitter across the synaptic gap that separates neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| specific functions are served by specific areas of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| where most cognitive functioning in the brain is served |
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Term
| Know the lobes and what they do |
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Definition
-temporal lobe (hearing)
-occipital lobe (vision)
-parietal lobe (skin senses, touch smell, temperature)
-frontal (recives signals and important role in cognition) |
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Term
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Definition
| an inability to recognize faces |
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Term
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Definition
| Literally subtracting an area with the highest level of functioning during a task, to a control area, to test how much that area plays a role in that function |
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Term
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Definition
| Located in the frontal lobe, the part of the brain that has to do with producing speech. Damage to it means you cant produce fluent speech |
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Definition
| The area in the temporal lobe that has to do with speech comprehension. Produces fluent words but cant understand sentences during wernickes area damage |
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Term
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Definition
specific functions are processed by many different areas in the brain
-Localization of function states each part does something different, but multiple parts can be acting at the same time! |
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Definition
The idea that specific neurons respond to specific features that make up objects
-EX: we have neurons for little rectangle, big rectangle, triangle etc |
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Definition
The way something in the environment represents the rate of neural firing
-How much neural firing an environmental stimulus triggers |
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Definition
The idea that each neuron fires to each different kind of face we see
-WRONG |
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Definition
A neuron that fires only to a specific stimulus
-WRONG |
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Definition
The idea that the neural coding of a stimulus, for example a face, is triggered by multiple neurons firing at different rates
-RIGHT |
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Term
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Definition
| -the idea that our intelligence was measured by different bumps on our head |
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Definition
| Another name for the "where" pathway |
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Definition
| Another name for the "what" pathway |
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Definition
-When perception of form is impaired
-No access to meaning from vision
-It is modality specifc |
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Definition
-Perception of form OK
-Loss of access to general knowledge associated with visual forms |
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Term
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Definition
| being able to see and record the function/firing of 1 specific neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of neurons we have dedicated to each part of the body depends on how much control we have over it |
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Definition
| When you are given a slanted stimulus, then go straight to a straight one, you perceive the straight one as slanted |
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Term
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Definition
| The more a neuron fires, the more "tired" it gets and the responses become weaker and weaker |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to focus on specific stimuli or locations |
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Term
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Definition
| the focusing of attention on one specific location, object, or message. |
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Term
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Definition
| attending to two or more things at once |
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Term
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Definition
| different messages are presented to two ears. In a selective attention experiment, people are asked to say what they hear in their right ear. As a result, they dont even hear what happens in the left |
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Definition
| When someone can selectively listen to one person while ignoring many |
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Term
| broadbent early selection model |
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Definition
introduced the first flow diagram of psychology
-AKA the bottleneck model, as the filter in the model restricted information from flowing in, like a bottle restricts liquid |
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Term
| problem with broadbent early selection model |
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Definition
| -we can hear and pay attention to more than one message |
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Term
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Definition
A thing in Treisman's attentuation model
It was what replaced the filter in the broadbent model
-It said that when a message comes in, we pay attention to 3 things
1. physical characteristics of message
2. the language of the message
3. Its meaning |
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Term
| Treisman Attenuation Model |
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Definition
| Stated that we got a message, which went to the attentuator, which went to the dictionary unit, to memory |
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Term
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Definition
| A part of treisman's attentuation model. Stated that in our mind we have words, and the more complex word we hear, the stronger the signal in our brain needed to activate the perception of this word |
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Term
| late selection model of attention |
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Definition
| most incoming information is processed to the level of meaning before the message to be processed is selected. |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that a person has a certain cognitive capacity for carrying out tasks |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of a persons cognitive resources needed to carry out a particular cognitive task. |
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Term
| flanker compatibility test |
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Definition
-A task in which participants are told to carry out a task that requires them to focus their attention on specific stimuli
-Were given something like BAB, XAX, or CAC, and told to report what they saw in the middle, ignoring the other letters
-time took measured the effects on how they were able to ignore the flankers |
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Definition
| When someone was asked to name the color ink of words, but the words themselves were different colors. Became difficult to |
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Term
| Divided Attention can be achieved with... |
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Definition
Automatic Processing!
-Practicing something enough to where it is automatic |
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Term
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Definition
A type of processing that occurs without intention and at a cost of only some of a persons cognitive resources
EX: driving without thinking about it |
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Term
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Definition
| When someone has to pay close attention at all times in order to carry out a task |
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Term
| Schnieder Shiffrin's Varied Mapping Experiment |
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Definition
At first, people were asked to pick out a number in a set of letters, really fast. They were given practice at this until the process became automatic
-Then, people were asked to pick out letters in a set of letters, where the letter they were looking for changed everytime
-because they had to go from being automatic to so aware, it forced the participants to participate in controlled processing |
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Term
| Distracted Driving Experiment |
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Definition
| Someone tested the fraction of red lights missed and the reaction time it took to brake while people were driving with and without cell phones. each time, cell phones drastically raised fraction of red lights missed and reaction time. |
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Term
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Definition
| When someone is so focused on performing one task, they dont even see other factors or tasks in front of them |
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Term
| Simons and Chablis Basketball Game |
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Definition
-Participants were asked to count the number of passes in a basketball game.
-While they are counting a number of passes, a gorilla walks through the court!
-Few participants spot him due to inattentional blindness! so focused on counting passes |
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Term
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Definition
the difficulty to notice change amongst 2 stimuli
-EX looking at two similar pictures and depicting differences |
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Term
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Definition
| a device that measures the shifting of an eye |
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Term
| fixation on an eye tracker |
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Definition
| represented by a dot, its where the eye a one point stopped |
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Term
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Definition
| movements from one eye fixation to another, shown on an eye tracker via red lines |
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Term
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Definition
| the physical properties of the stimulus, such as color, contrast, or movement |
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Term
| bottom up processing in eye movements |
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Definition
| We direct our eyes to high salient areas, or areas with high levels of physical properties |
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Term
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Definition
| an observer's knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene (environmental regularities) |
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Term
| Top Down Processing in Eye Movements |
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Definition
Based on our scene schemas, we will look at something different than we would if we were new
EX: baseball field, look at bases, pitchers mound, players, dugout, etc. when scanning. |
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Term
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Definition
| attention not associated with eye movements |
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Term
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Definition
| A participant is presented with a cue of where a stimulus is most likely to occur |
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Term
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Definition
| how attention is directed to a specific location or place |
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Term
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Definition
| attention that is direct to a specific object |
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Term
| Posner Precueing experiment |
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Definition
| People were to keep there eyes stationary at the center of a screen. Then they would a cue of an arrow pointing left or right. They would then be shown a box, either on the left or right side, and would have to click one button for the left and one button for the right. People who had valid cues, arrows that pointed in the right direction, performed much faster than those without proper cues |
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Term
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Definition
When focusing your attention on a certain object, your attention will enlarge to that object in all aspects
-EX: The object based attention experiment
-The one with the 2 green boxes. People were cue with ABC. A was the highest, as it was in the correct location, but B outweighed C by a lot because it was in the same box, where as C was not |
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Term
| Feature integration theory |
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Definition
A theory proposed by Treisman that stated
-you first perceive an object
-Then its the preattentive stage where you analyze the features
-Then is the focused attention stage where you combine the features
-then you perceive the object |
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Term
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Definition
| Pairing incorrect stimuli features with one another |
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Term
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Definition
| The inability to pay attention to individual objects |
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Term
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Definition
| people with autism have a hard time keeping their eye on one place |
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Term
| semantic priming experiment |
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Definition
| An experiment done by Mckay who had in one ear someone listen to the sentence "they went throwing stones at the bank" and in the other ear they were secretly say either "money" or "river". It was then tested to see whether or not they thought the message meant throw at the river bank or throw at the money bank |
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Term
| Task Differ in Demands Experiment |
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Definition
| People were told to name 2 cities and then point them on a map. When they were asked to just name them both or point them both they didnt do as well as people who got to do one and the other |
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