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| The study of how cognition is realized in the brain. |
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Cell of the nervous system
Comes in a wide variety of shapes and sizes.
[image] |
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| Branch-like processes Extend from the cell-soma Receive info from terminal buttons of adjacent neurons |
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Long, thin tube
Vary in length from a few mms to a meter! |
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Ends of axon branches
Form “synapses” with other neurons |
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| Location where the terminal buttons almost make contact with other neurons. |
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Charged elements (“ions”) are outside and inside the membrane
- Sodium ions (Na+)
- Potassium ions (K+)
The membrane has pores (“ion channels”) and a pump
They both move ions back and forth. |
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| Neurons at Rest: The Na+/K+ Pump |
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A neuron at rest - not communicating, has an electric charge,
A “membrane potential”: - 70 mV
A Na+/K+ pump maintains the charge
It is in the membrane
It regulates the flow of Na+ and K+ across the membrane. |
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| Resting Membrane Potential (MP) |
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| Action Potential to Membrane Potential |
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| A neuron receives positive excitatory) and negative (inhibitory) information. If it reaches a threshold, an AP (electrical spike) occurs. Then, the neuron returns to its resting state - the “membrane potential” |
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| Action Potential (Definition) |
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| Action Potential A brief electrical impulse by which information is transmitted along the neuron’s axon Rate of firing |
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A chemical that crosses the synapse from the axon of one neuron to alter the electric potential of the membrane of another neuron
[image] |
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| Neural Representation of Information |
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Information is represented
- in patterns of activation across many neurons
- in the synaptic connections among neurons that allow these patterns to be reproduced. |
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| Back: Primarily motor functions Front (prefrontal cortex): higher level process (e.g., planning) |
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| Perceptual functions Spatial processing Representation of the body |
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| Object recognition Language processing Wernicke’s area |
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| The hippocampus belongs to the limbic system and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory and spatial navigation. Humans and other mammals have two hippocampi, one in each side of the brain. The hippocampus is closely associated with the cerebral cortex, and in primates is located in the medial temporal lobe, underneath the cortical surface. It contains two main interlocking parts: Ammon's horn[1] and the dentate gyrus. |
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| The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) are a group of nuclei of varied origin in the brains of vertebrates that act as a cohesive functional unit. They are situated at the base of the forebrain and are strongly connected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and other brain areas. The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions, including voluntary motor control, procedural learning relating to routine behaviors or "habits" such as bruxism, eye movements, and cognitive,[1] emotional functions.[2] Currently popular theories implicate the basal ganglia primarily in action selection, that is, the decision of which of several possible behaviors to execute at a given time. |
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| Hemispheres (Left and Right) |
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| Left: Linguistic and analytic Right: Perceptual and spatial |
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| Fibers that connect the two hemispheres Split-brain patients: Corpus callosum severed surgically |
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Left frontal cortex
Language processing - syntax in speech
Broca’s aphasia: severe difficulties in producing spoken speech
Short speech, ungrammatical sentences |
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Left temporal lobe
Language - semantic content in speech
Wernicke’s aphasia: serious disruptions in comprehension
Grammatical sentences, devoid of meaning |
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Information processing Structured spatially Adjacent areas in the cortex represent information from adjacent areas of the visual field.
[image] |
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Mapping of the human body in the neural tissue
Penfold |
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| Cognitive Neuroscience: Methods |
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Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)
Positron-Emission Tomography (PET)
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) (Ex: fMRI scan in Qin et al. (2004) equation-solving experiment) |
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