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| Reaction time experiment:one of the first experiments in cognitive psychology. He researched mental chronometry (measuring the length of cognitive processes). |
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| memory experiments: the forgetting curve and savings method showed that once we learn something it is easier to learn again |
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| perception is made up of many little sensations |
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| asking people how they feel and to think about their thoughts |
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| gave rise to behaviorism, rejected introspection and cognitive processes because they vary so much and cannot be measured. famous for "little albert experiment" |
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| operant conditioning, behaviorism, pigeon experiments, described language in children as being only observed and repeated |
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| reviewed skinners theories, believed that language is an innate inborn skill |
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| mental rotation: found that it took longer for people to perceive objects as similar or not similar depending on the angle that they differed |
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| input, sensory, short term, repetition, long term |
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| branch from the cell body and receive signals |
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| specialized cells to receive and transmit info |
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| tube filled with fluid that can conduct electrical signals, transmit them from the cell bodies to synapses |
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| respond to light energy, mechanical deformation, pressure changes... |
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| process that transforms one form of energy into another |
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| electrical potential that travels down a neurons axis |
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| once action potentials are generated they do not change as they travel down the axon |
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| space between end of axon and dendrite of next atom (how neurons communicate) |
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| chemical that is released to transport action potentials to the next neuron |
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| excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters |
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| some cause an increase in neuron firings, some inhibit them |
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| simple cells, complex cells, and end-stopped cells |
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| respond best to a bar of light oriented in a certain way |
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| respond best to an oriented bar of light that moves (often in a particular direction) |
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| responds best to an oriented bar of light, a particular length, moving in a specific direction |
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| group of interconnected neurons |
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| a number of neurons sending signals to a single neuron |
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| (when a number of neuron signals synapse together to form a neural circuit), it creates neurons that relate to specific stimuli |
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| neurons that react only tho one stimuli (possible but rare if ever) |
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| property of the environment are represented by a pattern of firing many neurons, not just one |
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| the idea that there could be a neuron that responds to something very specific such as a picture of their grandmother, or a concept such as a grandmother. probs: too many faces and objects in the world to assign, and although there are neurons that respond to specific stimuli (like a face), they respond to multiple (faces) |
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| 3 mm thick outer layer of the brain that contains mechanisms responsible for higher mental functioning such as perception, language, thinking, and problem solving |
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| cerebral cortex: temporal lobe |
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| language, memory, hearing, and perceiving forms |
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| cerebral cortex: occipital lobe |
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| first place in cerebral cortex where visual info is received |
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| cerebral cortex: parietal lobe |
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| where signals are recieved from the touch system, and also important for vision and attention |
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| cerebral cortex: frontal lobe |
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| serves higher functioning such as language, thought memory and motor functioning |
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| structures located beneath the cerebral cortex that are important for cognition |
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| subcortical structures: hippocampus |
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| important for FORMING MEMORIES |
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subcortical structures:
amygdala
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important for emotions and emotional responses
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subcortical structures:
thalamus
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| important for processing info from the senses of vision, hearing, and touch |
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| specific areas of the brain control specific functions |
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| the study of behavior of humans with brain damage |
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| when one function is present when another is not |
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| studied in a single person |
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| 2 or more people needed to study |
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| brain activity is measured in response to specific tasks. PET and FMRI |
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| functional magnetic resonance imaging: measures bloodflow without using tracers |
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positron emission tomography:
injection of a radioactive tracer to measure increased bloodflow |
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| subtractive technique (with brain imaging) |
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| when all baseline activities are ignored and all that is measured is the activity caused by the task being evaluated |
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| Dissociation of Pathways for Object & Spatial Vision: a PET study on Humans |
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-to study which brain regions are linked to object identification and localization
-matched both locations and identified objects
-right-side parietal stimulated more during the spatial than the identification
-pattern of lateralization may vary in the ventral pathway depending on what type of spatial processing is required |
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| Visual Representation of Object Location: Insight from Localization Impairments |
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-when visual areas of the brain are damaged, the most seemingly trivial aspects of visual perception can be drastically impaired.
-A.H. could not localize objects but could identify them
-This issue was developmental, not due to damage |
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| The Man Who Mistook his Wife for a Hat |
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| Dr. P could not see faces and could see details but could not put things together (sees a nose and an eye but does not recognize it as one face.) Amazingly, he could watch cartoons and drawings just fine! |
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| a model of object recognition proposes that recognition happens when a stimulus matches a template(BUT that would require far too many templates) |
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| Interactive Activation Model |
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| proposes that action is sent through 3 models: feature leverl, letter level, and word levels |
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| interactive activation model: feature-level |
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| contains feature units, responds to specific features such as a straight or a curved line |
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interactive activation model:
letter-level |
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| contains letter-units, which respond to specific letters |
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interactive activation model:
word-levels |
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| contain word units and recognize and responds to different words |
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| recognition by components theory |
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proposes that perception is based on a dimensional features called geons, where if enough of the geons are visible then we can know the object
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| RBC theory: view invariance |
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| the idea that one can view geons from many angles |
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| RBC theory:discriminability |
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| each geon can be distinguished at nearly all views |
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| RBC theory: resistance to visual noise |
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| we can still perceive geons even in noisy conditions like fog |
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| gestalt psychologists vs structuralism |
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| overall pattern vs compilation of sensations |
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central law of gestalt
law of simplicity
law of good figure
every stimulus is seen in the simplest way possible |
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| gestalt: Law of similarity |
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| similar things grouped together |
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| gestalt:Law of common fate |
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| things going in the same direction grouped together |
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| gestalt: Law of continuity |
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| points form one connected, smooth path |
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| gestalt: Law of proximity of nearness |
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| things near each other grouped together |
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| gestalt: Law of familiarity |
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| things that are meaningful are grouped together |
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| procedure guaranteed to work |
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| organization of speech into words |
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| when a large object is partially covered by a small object, we see the larger one as being continuous behind the smaller one |
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| light from above heuristic |
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| assumption that light comes from above |
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| transitional probabilities |
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| the likely hood that one sound will follow another (helps us to make words from speech) |
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| the process of learning about transitional probabilities and about characteristics of learning |
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| letters are easier to recognize when contained in a word rather than appearing alone (shows that we do not process letter by letter but that each letter is affected by its surrounding) |
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| interactive activation model of word recognition where activation is sent from word units back to each of the letter units for that word (FORK---->F). Feedback activation demonstrates top-down processing |
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| Treisman's feature integration theory |
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| proposes that object perception occurs in a sequence of stages which are first analyzed and then combined to result in perception |
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treismans feature integration theory:
preattentive stage |
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| an object is analyzed by its features |
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| Broadbent's filter model of attention |
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proposes selective attention is acheived by filtering out unattended messages
messages>sensory memory>filter>detector>memory |
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Broadbent's Filter Model of Attention:
sensory memory |
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| holds info for fraction of a second before transferring it to the filter |
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Broadbent's Filter Model of Attention:
filter |
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| identifies the message by its physical properties (pitch of voice, accent, tone...) |
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Broadbent's Filter Model of Attention:
detector |
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| processes information to determine meaning. Since the filter is o selective, the detector always processes all info sent to it |
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treismans feature integration theory:
focused attention |
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| features are combined to perceive an object |
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treismans feature integration theory:
_____>______>______>_______ |
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| object>preattentive stage>focused attention stage>perception |
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| situation where features from different objects are inappropriately combined |
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| Brain damage causes this condition which makes someone unable to focus attention on individual objects |
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| focus on one thing and ignore all others |
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| presentation of two different messages into each ear |
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| repeating a message aloud as soon as it is heard |
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| paying attention to one message only |
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Broadbent's Filter Model of Attention:
short-term memory |
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| recieves output of detector and holds it for 10-15 s before transferring it |
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| explains selective attention by early filtering out of the unattended message |
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| proposes that selection doesnt occur until messages are processed enough to determine meaning |
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| treismans theory of attention |
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selection occurs in 2 stages:
attenuator:analyzes incoming message in terms of physical properties, language, and meaning
THEN analyzed by dictionary unit
(helps to explain how we can pick out familiar words sometimes like our name) |
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how much of a persons cognitive resources are being used to accomplish something
high load and low load |
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| Flanker compatilbility task |
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| responding to the target which is surrounded by distractors (shows that the processing of unattended signals depends on whether or not a person is doing a high or low load task already) |
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| saying the color of the font versus the color spelled out |
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| focusing on two or more things at once |
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| device used to measure movements of the eye |
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| bottom up factors that determine attention to elements of space (color, contrast, orientation..) |
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| not noticing something in clear view |
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| when we are told where the stimulus will show up next |
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| models of attention propose that attention operates on whatever stimuli are at a particular location |
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| enhancing effects of intention occur when looking at a specific object |
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| experienceing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input |
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| an image is seen in the absence ofa stimuli |
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| the debate over whether thought is possible wihtout an image |
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| paired associate learning |
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| people are showed pairs of words and later shown one of the pair and asked to recall the other word |
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| conceptual peg hypothesis |
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| concrete nouns are better for making us remember (demonstrates how mental imaging may have an effect on memory) |
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| kosslyns mental scanning experinment |
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| shown a pic, asked to zoom in, then asked to zoom in on a different part |
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think mental imagery
spacial representation in which diff parts of image can be described as correspondence in space |
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| accompanies real mechanisms but not part of it |
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| propositional representation |
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| representations are represented by words |
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| depictive representations |
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| spatial relationships depicted by pictures |
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| tactic knowledge explanation |
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| unconcious use of knowledge about the world |
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| imagining walking toward a mental image |
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| respond to both an object and its picture |
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| transcranial magnetic stimulation |
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| magnetic pulses applied to temporarily disrupt functioninf in parts of brain |
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| patient ignores half their visual field |
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| imagine things spatially to help remember |
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things remembered by words
one-bun two-shoe |
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| experimenter expectancy effect |
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| the experimenters expectations interfere with answers |
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